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AUTHOR: 


JOHNSTON,  HAROLD  W 


TITLE: 


COLLECTION  OF 
EXAMPLES... 

PLACE: 

CHICAGO 

DA  TE : 

1898 


•.1 


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Johnston,  Harold  Whetstone 

A  collection  of  examples  illustrating  the  metrical  licenses  of  Vergil}: 
h[microfrom].t:cby  H.W.  Johnston. 

Chicago, t^bScott,  Foresman  &  co.,t:cl898. 

54  p-rCQ 

Virgil, 

RLIN 

08-21-91 


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^  CotUction  ixi  Wxatnpl 


ILLUSTRATING 


The  Metrical  Licenses 

OF  Vergil 


BY 


H.  W.  JOHNSTON,  Ph.  D. 

Professor  of  Latin  in  the  Indiana  University 


CHICAGO 
SCOTT,    FORESMAN   &  CO. 

1898 


CONTENTS. 


im 


Copyright,  1897,  by 
Scott,  Foresman  &  Co. 


ROGERS  &  SMITH  CO.,  PRIKTERS.  CHICAGO. 


I.    The  Vowels  I  and  U  treated  as  Consonants 
II.     Synizesis  (Synaeresis)  .  .  .  .  . 

III.  Lengthening  op  Short  Syllables  in  Thesis 

IV.  Shortening  of  Long  Syllables  . 

V.    Varying  Quantity  before  Mute  and  Liquid  in  Word    . 
VI.    Varying  Quantities  in  Proper  Nouns  . 
VII.    Spondaic  Verses  .  .  . 

VIII.    Hiatus  and  Semi-Hiatus  .  . 

IX.    Tmesis  .  ,  .  .  ♦  . 

X.    Hypermetrical  Verses      ....  * 

Index  I— Versuum        .  .  .        -   . 

Index  II — Rerum  et  Verborum   . 


PAGS 

7 

12 

19 

25 
27 

33 

35 

37 
42 

44 
49 
52 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE. 


'T^HE  Metrical  Licenses  of  Vergil  are  sufficiently  explained,  perhaps,  in 
the  school  editions  and  the  school  grammars.  Teachers,  however, 
frequently  feel  the  need  of  a  more  copious  collection  of  examples,  drawn 
from  Vergil  exclusively,  than  these  books  afford,  and  such  a  collection 
with  a  few  helps  in  the  form  of  notes  is  all  that  this  pamphlet  pretends 
to  furnish. 

In  the  examples  Ribbeck's  text  is  followed  strictly,  even  in  orthog- 
raphy and  punctuation,  except  that  I  have  begun  each  sentence  and  verse 
with  a  capital  letter.  Teachers  should  turn  to  his  last  edition  (Leipzig, 
1894)  for  the  explanation  of  unfamiliar  readings.  References  are  made 
to  the  school  grammars  with  the  usual  abbreviations,  and  also  to  Miiller's 
Greek  and  Roman  Versification,  translated  by  Platner  (Boston,  1892), 
Gossrau's  Aeneid  (Leipzig,  1846)  and  Wagner's  Vergil  (Leipzig,  1830). 

It  should  be  understood  that  the  marks  of  quantity  in  both  examples 
and  notes  refer  to  syllables,  not  vowels. 

No  system  has  been  followed  in  the  arrangement  of  the  several  topics, 
but  the  indexes  will  enable  the  teacher  to  provide  without  trouble  for  the 
difficulties  of  each  day's  lesson.  ^ 

These  examples  were  collected  in  the  first  place  for  the  Teachers' 
Class  in  the  Summer  School  of  the  Indiana  University. 


H.  W.  Johnston. 


The  Indiana  University, 
December,  1897. 


A  COLLECTION  OF  EXAMPLES 


ILLUSTRATING 


THE    METRICAL    LICENSES   OF  VERGIL 


I.  THE  VOWELS  I  AND  U  TREATED  AS  CONSONANTS. 

a:  347  c  (Synaeresis) ;   B.  367  4 ;   G.  723  (Hardening) ;   H.  608  HI.  N.  2 
(Synaeresis);  Mtiller  31  (Synizesis).*  . 


abies:' 

Aen.   n.  16 

V.  663 

Vni.  599 

IX.  674 

XI.  667 


Aedificant  sectaque  intexunt  abiete '  costas 
Transtra  per  et  remos  et  pictas  abiete  puppis 
Inclusere  cavi  et  nigra  nemus  abiete  cingunt 
Abietibus  iuvenes  patriis  et  montibus  aequos 
Adversi  longa  transverberat  abiete  pectus 


§1 


iThe  use  of  the  vowels  I  and  U  as  consonants  is  included  by  most  authorities  (see 
references  above)  under  the  head  of  Synizesis,  or  Synaeresis,  and  these  two  words  are  used 
as  synonyms.  Synizesis  should,  however,  be  used  of  the  slurring  of  two  vowels,  as  dande 
(two  syllables),  dehinc  (one  syllable),  etc.  Synaeresis  is  properly  a  contraction  of  two  vowels 
with  change  of  quantity,  as  cogb  (for  cddgo),  etc.  The  consonant  use  of  I  and  U  differs 
from  these  in  affecting  the  quantity  of  the  preceding  syllable.  For  this  reason  it  is  here 
treated  apart  from  Synizesis  (§§  5-9).  Notice  that  the  converse  use  of  V  as  a  vowel  does 
not  occur  in  Vergil. 

2  For  the  quantity  cf. 

Ec.  VII.  66:  Populus  in  fluviis,  abies  in  montibus  altis, 

•  •  •  •  .  • 

For  the  last  syllable,  see  also  A.  348  9;  B.  364  3  a)\  G.  709  21;  H.  581  VI.  i. 
3 The  first  syllable  is  long  by  position  (abjete)\   see  foot-notes  i  and  2. 


8 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


I  AND   U   AS   CONSONANTS. 


aries:' 

V'  ■  . 

Aen.      II.  492 :   Custodes  sufferre  valent ;  labat  ariete  crebro 

•         •  •  •  •  • 

VII.  175:   Hae  sacris  sedes  epulis,  hie  ariete  caeso 

•  •  •  .  •  . 

XII.  706:    Moenia  quique  imos  pulsabant  ariete  muros 

§2  arleto:' 

Aen.    XI.  890:   Arietat  in  portas  et  duros  obice^  postes 
COnubium,  see  §  3,  foot-note  5. 

fluvius: 

Geo.        I.  482  :   Fluviorum '  rex  Eridanus,  camposque  per  omnes 

Harpyiae,  see  §  3,  foot-note  5. 

Lavinia,  see  §  3,  foot-note  5. 

omnia,  see  §  3. 
paries: 


Geo. 
Aen. 


IV.  297 :   Parietibusque  *  premunt  artis  et  quattuor  addunt 
II.  442 :    Haerent  parietibus  scalae,  postisque  sub  ipsos 
V.  589 :   Parietibus  textum  caecis  iter  ancipitemque 


/• 


*For  the  quantity  cf. 

Ec.  III.  95:    Creditur;  ipse  aries  etiam  nunc  vellera  siccat^ 

•  ...  .  • 

and  the  references  in  foot-note  2. 

^The  word  having  three  short  syllables  in  succession  could  not  be  used  in  hexameter 
verse  without  lengthening  the  first  syllable.  ' 

2  For  the  long  0  in  obice,  see  A.  347  d,  N.  2;  B.  362  5;  G.  703,  R.  2  N.;  H.  36  4,  foot-note  i. 

^As  '\i  fluvjbrum  {\x\^y\?)^  contisist  fluvwrum  (quadrisyl.): 

Aen.  XII.  142:   Nympha^  decus  fluviorum y  animo  gratissima  fwstro. 

•  .  .  ... 

*This  form  and  scansion  (four  syllables)  only  are  found  in  Vergil. 


•  1 


omnia: 

Geo.     IV.  221 
Aen.    VI.    33 


Aetherios  dixere;  deum  namque  ire  per  omnia' 

Bis  patriae  cecidere  manus.     Quiu  protinus  omnia 

*  •  •        • 


§8 


Orithyia,  see  foot-note  5. 

Paeonius : 

Aen.  VII.  769:    Paeoniis  revocatum  herbis  et  amore  Dianae' 
XII.  401 :    Paeonium  in  morem  senior  succinctus  amictu 

»  •  •  • 

precantia: 

Aen.  VII.  237:    Praeferimus  manibus  vittas  ac  verba  precantia* 

stelio: 

Geo.     IV.  243 :    Stelio  et  lucifugis  congesta  cubilia  blattis ' 

1  The  words  in  this  section  differ  from  those  above  only  in  having  the  /  preceded  by  a 
syllable  already  long.  The  consonant  force  ot  the  /  cannot,  therefore,  be  detected  by  its 
influence  upon  the  preceding  syllable. 

*The  last  foot  is  a  trochee  {-J),  not  a  spondee  (- -).      The  older  texts  have  omni's. 
3  The  first  syllable  is  usually  short  in  Vergil  as  here,  but  see  §  20. 

*As  the  next  line  begins  with  a  vowel,  this  is  sometimes  called  an  hypermeter  verse, 
see  §  30,  but  Vergil  has  no  examples  of  hypermetrical  -a. 

^To  this  list  some  authorities  would  add  the  following  words: 
Conubium.     Because  in 

Aen.  IV.  316  :   Per  conubia  nostra^  per  inceptos  hymenaeos 

the  second  vowel   must  be  long  by   nature,  and   the  second   foot   a   dactyle  (-ia  cannot 

J)e  scanned   long,  see   foot-note  2),  it   has  been   supposed  that  it  was  long  also  in  Aen.  I. 

73  Conubio  iungam.  III.    136  Conubiis  anns  (Ribbeck  even   spells  conubis  here),   VII.  96  Ne 

pete  conubiis,  253  Quantum  in  conubio  natae,  t^IZ   Fama  loco  ncu  conubiis.     To  scan  in  these 

•  •  •  .  .  .  . 

places  with  u  long  it  was  necessary  to  get  rid  of  the  short  /  (-v,-)  by  giving  it  consonant 
force.    Comparison  with  cognate  words,  however,  has  convinced  most  modern  scholars  that 


!«! 


lO 

1 

§  4  genii : 

Aen.      V.  432 
XII.  905 

tenuis : 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


U. 


Genua  ^  labant,  vastos  quatit  aeger  anhelitus  artus 
Genua  labant,  gelidus  concrevit  frigore  sanguis 


I  AND   U  AS  CONSONANTS. 


II 


<»f3 


Geo.         I.  397:    Tenuia*  nee  lanae  per  caelum  vellera  ferri 


the  second  syllable  is  common,  and  hence  by  scanning  conubi-  in  these  passages  the  /  may 
preserve  its  vowel  force. 

Harpyia*  This  word  is  marked  Harpyia^  in  Lewis'  dictionary  and  Greenough's  vocab- 
ulary, and  the  plural  is  marked  Harpyiae  in  Harper's  Classical  Dictionary  and  in  Harring- 
ton and  Tolman's  Mythology,  and  Harpyiae  in  Smith's  Class.  Diet.  As  the  letters  yi  are 
simply  the  transliteration  of  the  Greek  diphthong  vi  the  word  should  be  marked  Harpyia 
(as  Seyffert  has  it)  or  left  unmarked  as  other  diphthongs  are,  and  /  is  not  a  consonant.  See 
Aen.  VI.  289  :     Gorgones  Harpyiaeque  et  forma  tricorporis  umbrae, 

•  ••  •  •  • 

Orithyla.  This  word  is  marked  with  almost  as  many  variations  as  Harpyia.  Lewis  has 
''Orithyia  (quadrisyl.),"  Greenough  '' Orithyia;'  Smith's  Class.  Diet.  '' Orithyia"  In  this 
word  yi  again  represents  the  Greek  diphthong  vi  and  exhibits  no  irregularity  in  the  two 
passages  where  it  occurs : 

Geo.  IV.  463  (see  §  26):   Atque  Getae  atque  Hebrus  et  Actias  Orithyia, 

Aen.  XII.  %x  '•   Pilumno  quos  ipsa  decus  dedit  Orithyia 

•  •••  •• 

Lavinia.     In  the  verse 

Aen.  I.  2  :   Italiam  fato  profugus  Laviniaque  venit 
Ribbeck  reads  Lavina  and  so  does  Giithling.     Kloucek  retains  Lavinia. 

lAs  \i  gSnva  (dissyl.),  contrast  ^<?««^  (trisyl.,  one  elided): 

Aen.  V.  468 :     Ast  ilium  fidi  aequales,  genua  aegra  trahentem 

•  •  •        •  .  . 

*As  if  tifwiay  the  only  possible  scansion  for  this  form  in  hexameter  verse,  as  even  the 
elision  of  the  last  syllable  (cf.  foot-note  i)  would  leave  three  successive  short  syllables 
(teniifd). 


Geo. 


II.  121:   Velleraque  ut  foliis  depectant  tenuia  Seres 

'  •  •  •  • 

180:   Tenuis'  ubi  argilla  et  dumosis  calculus  arvis 

IV.    38:   Nequiquam  in  tectis  certatim  tenuia  cera 
•  .  .  ,  , 


3  As  if  tinvis  (dissyl.),  contrast  tenHisque, 

Geo.  II.  349:     Inter  enim  labentur  aquae,  tenuisque  subibit. 


■»  • 


^1 


li 

it 


II.    SYNIZESIS. 

A.  347  c  (Synaeresis ') ;  B.  367  i ;  G.  727;  H.  608  III.  (Synaeresis) ;  Miiller, 
p.  93;  Gossrau,  p.  640,  §  10. 

In  Greek  words  ending  in  -eus.' 

Genitive: 

Ec.       VI.    42 :   Caucaseasque  refert  volucris  furtumque  Promethei 

78:   Aut  ut  mutatos  Terei  narraverit  artus 

•  •       •  .  •  . 

Aen.        I.  120:   lam  validam  Ilionei  navem,  iam  fortis  Achati 

•  •        •  •  •  • 

VII.  249:   Talibus  Ilionei  dictis  defixa  Latinus 

•  •  •         •         •  • 

VIII.  383:   Arma  rogo  genetrix  nato.     Te  filia  Nerei 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

IX.  501 :   Ilionei  monitu  et  multum  lacrimantis  luli 

•  .  •  .  .  . 

X.  764 :   Cnm  pedes  incedit  medii  per  maxima  Nerei 
XI.  262:   Atrides  Protei  Menelaus  ad  usque  columnas 


^See  8  I,  foot-note  i. 

2 Of  these  words  we  may  take  as  a  type  Orpheus,  declined  as  follows:  Orpheus, 
Orpheos  or  Orphei^  Orphed  or  Orphei^  Orphea,^  OrpheUy  Orpheb.  In  Vergil  the  endings  -eus, 
-W,  -eu  and  -eo  are  monosyllabic  (except  Perielei,  Aen.  II.  425),  -ei  and  -eb  being  taken 
together  by  Synizesis,  and  -eu  in  the  nominative  and  vocative  being  a  diphthong.  The  fol- 
lowing is  a  list  of  the  nominatives  found  in  the  Aeneid  :  Aconteus  XI.  612,  Antheus  XII. 
443,  Briareus  VI.  287,  Caenus  VI.  448,  Caphireus  XL  260,  Chlbreus  XI.  768,  Cisseus  V.  537, 
Idomeneus  III.  401,  Ilioneus  I.  521,  Mnestheus  V.  116,  Nireus  II.  419,  Orpheus  VI.  119, 
Pentheus  IV.  469,  Phegeus  V.  263,  Rhoeteus  X.  402,  Ripheus  II.  339.  The  vocatives  are 
Critheu  XII.  538  and  Orpheu  Geo.  IV.  494.  Examples  of  the  nominatives  and  vocatives  are 
omitted  as  showing  no  irregularity.     For  the  accusative,  see  foot-note  5. 


xa 


SYNIZESIS.  13 

Aen.     XI.  265:    Idomenei?    Libycone  habitantis  litore  Locros' 

•  •  . 

Dative : 

Ec.       IV.    57 :  Orphei  Caliopea,  Lino  formonsus  Apollo 

Geo.     IV.  545 :  Inferias  Orphei  Lethaea  papavera  mittes 

553 :  Inferias  Orphei  mittit  Incumque  revisit 

Aen.    IX.  716:  Inarime  lovis  imperils  imposta  Typhoed* 

Accusative: 

Ec.       VI.    30:   Nee  tantum  Rhodope  miratur  et  Ismarns  Orphea 
Geo.        I.  279:    Coeumque  lapetumque  creat  saevomque  Typhoea' 

'Contrast  the  dissyllabic  -ei: 

Aen.   II.  425  :    Pi'iiciH  dcxtra   divae   armipotentis   ad  aram. 
In  the  verse  .  * 

Aen.    I.    41  :    Unius  ob  noxam  et  furias  Aiacis  Oilei, 
Ribbeck  writes  Otii, 

*In  the  verse  • 

Aen.   V.    184 :    Sergesto  Mriestheique,  Gyan  superare  morantem, 
Ribbeck  has  Mnesthi. 

5  As  Vergil  does  not  elsewhere  admit  Synizesis  in  the  case  of  two  short  vowels  unless 
the  second  is  long  by  position,  it  is  probable  that  he  considered  the  final  a  long,  Orphea, 
Typhbed,  and  the  last  foot  a  spondee,  not  a  trochee.  This  is  the  regular  form  of  the  accu- 
sative in  Greek,  but  Homer  has  another  form  -17a  (=  id),  which  Vergil  has  imitated  in 
two  verses : 

Aen.   I.    611  :    Ilionea  peiit  dextra  laevaque  Serestum,  and 

'  III.     122  :    Idomenea  ducem,  desertaque  litora  Cretae, 
•  ...  ,  ■*  , 

A  third  form,  in  -€d,    is   given   in  the   grammars,  and   editors  give  the  following  examples 
from  Vergil  :  , 

Ec.  III.     46  :  Orpheaque  in  medio  posuit  silvasque  sequentis 
VI.  *35  '-    ^^^^  durare  solum  et  discludere  Nerea  i>onto 
Aen.  I. '•'181  :    Prospectum  late  peiago  petit,  Anthea  siquem 


§6 


M 


THE  METRICAL   LICENSES   OF  VERGIL. 


SYNIZESIS. 


ablative ; 

Aen.VIII.  292 :    Rege  sub  Eurystheo  fatis  lunonis  iniquae 

X.  129:    Nee  Clytio  genitore  minor  nee  fratre  Menestheo 

In  Latin  words  ending  in  a  Cretic* 

Anthea  Sergestumque  videt  fortemque  Cloanthum 
•  •  •  •  •  • 

Mnesthea  Sergestumque  vocat  fortemque  Serestum 

•  •         •  •  •  • 

Jtque  reditque  viam  totiens.     Quid  Thesea  magnum 
Accepisse  lacu  nee   Thesea  Pirithoumque 

Vidi  et  crudelis  dantem   Salmonea  poenas 

•  •      •  •  •  • 

Ortigium  Caeneus,  victorem  Caenea  Turnus 

Addit  Halyn  comitem  et  confixa  Phegea  parma 

Lyncea  tendentem  contra  sociosque  vocantem 

Et  Clytium  Aeolidin  et  amicum  Crethea  Musis 
,         -^  .        •  •  •  • 

Crethea  Musarum  comitem^  cui  carmina  semper 

Quo  Ucuit  pan^o  ?     Nee  longa  Cissea  durum 
^,.-*.  ••  • 

Turn  Pallas  biiugis  fugientem  Rhoetea  praeter 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

Tereaque  Harpalycumque  et  Demophoonta  Chrominque 
Chloreaque  Sybarimque  Daretaque    Thersilochumque 

Mnesthea  Sergestumque  vocat  fortemque  Serestum 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  ending  -ed  is  not  necessary  in  any  of  these  examples: 
in  all,  the  ending  -ed  may  be  scanned  as  one  long  syllable  by  Synizesis  as  it  must  be 
in  the  two  verses,  Ec.  VI.  30,  and  Aen.  I.  279,  quoted  above.  The  objection  is  that  in 
nine  (marked  above  with  an  asterisk)  out  of  the  eighteen  examples  the  resulting  spondee 
would  occur  in  the  fifth  foot  (see  §§  21,  22).  On  the  other  hand  it  is  at  least  very  remark- 
able that  Vergil  nowhere  shows  that  he  felt  the  short  e  apart  from  the  a,  as  he  might 
have  done  by  a  verse  beginning :   Mnesthea  et  Anthea, 

iThe  cretic  (-v>-)  may  be  the  last  three  syllables  of  a  single  word  {aured,  Aen.  I. 
698)  or  composed  of  two  words  (una  eddem,  Aen.  X.  487).  The  terminations  most  common 
are  -€d,  -«,  -ed,  -eis  and  -its,  in  some  of  which  the  final  syllable  may  be  removed  by  elision. 
Many  of  the  shortened   forms   similar   to   these   were   usual   even  in  prose   (cf.  dis  for  dits, 


15 


\ 

510 

•      IV.    288 

VL*I22 

393 

♦585 

• 

IX.  *573 

♦765 

768 

*774 

775 

X.*3i7 

*399 

- 

XL    675 

XII.    363 

■ 

«;6i 

/I 


aerei: 

Aen.  VII.  609 :   Centum  aerS  claudunt  vectes  aetemaque  fern 
XII.  541:    Pectora,  nee  misero  clipei  mora  profuit  aerS 

alveo : 

Aen.    VI.  412:    Deturbat  laxatque  foros;  simul  accipit  alve^ 

VII.    33:   Adsuetae  ripis  volucres  et  fluminis  alveo 

•        •  •  •  . 

303:   Profuit?     Optato  conduntur  Thybridis  alveo 
IX.    32  :   Cum  refluit  campis  et  iam  se  condidit  alveo' 

•  •  . 

aurea : 

Aen.        I.  698 :    Aurea  composuit  sponda  mediamque  locavit 
VII.  190:   Aurea  percussum  virga  versumque  venenis 

aureis : 

Aen.        I.  726  :   Atria ;  dependent  lychini  laquearibus  aureis 

V.  352  :   Dat  Salio,  villis  onerosum  atque  unguibus  aurSs 
VIII.  553  •    Pellis  obit  totum,  praefulgens  unguibus  aureis 

the  ending  -urn  for  -ium   and  -urn   for  -uum,  etc.),  and   being   so   printed  in  the  texts  of 
Vergil  cause  the  student  no  difficulty.     For  -urn  for  -ium  cf. 

Aen.  XI.  887  :     Exclusi  ante  oculos  lacrumantumque  ora  parentum  ; 
For  -Hm  for  -uum  (regular  when  a  doubled  consonant  precedes)  cf.         * 

Aen.  VI.  653  :     Per  campum  pascuntur  equi.    Quae  gratia  currHm. 

•  •  •  •  . 

2  Three  commonly  quoted  examples  of  Synizesis   are  not  found  in  the   best  texts.     In 
Geo.  II.  453  :     Corticibusque  cavis  vitiosaeque  ilicis  alveo 
Ribbeck  has  aivo,  deriving  the  form  from  alvus  (see  Harper's  Lat.  Diet.  s.  v.  II.  C)  instead 

of  c^veus.     So,  too,  in 

^  »  • 

Geo.  IV.    34  :    Seu  lento  fuerint  alvearia  vimitie  texta 

•  •  •  *  •  • 

he  has  alvaria  as  a  derivative  from  the   form  adopted  in   the  passage   just  cited.     In 

Aen.  VII.  436:     Ore  refer t :   'Classis  invictas   Thybridis  alveo 
he  writes  undam  for  alveo  on  very  little  MS.   authority. 


§7 


;,  • 


li 

ii 


i6 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


baltei : 

Aen.      X.  496 :   Exanimem,  rapiens  immania  pondera  baltei 

ferrel: 

Aen.    VI.  280 :    Ferreique  Eumenidum  thalami  et  Discordia  demens ' 

eadem : 

Aen.      X.  487 :   Una  eademqne  via  sanguis*  animusque  secuntur 

ebdem : 

Aen.  XII.  847 :    Uno  eodemque  tulit  partu  paribusque  revinxit' 
§  8         Words  unclassified.^ 

deerro : 

Ec.     VII.      7:   Vir  gregis  ipse  caper  deerraverat;  atque  ego  Daphnim 

dehinc :  ^ 

Aen.       I.  131:   Eurum  ad  se  Zephyrumque  vocat,  dehinc  talia  fatur 
.256:   Oscula  libavit  natae  dehinc  talia  fatur. 
VI.  678:   Desuper  ostentat;  dehinc  summa  cacumina  linquont 
IX.  480:   Telorumque  memor;  caelum  dehinc  questibus  implet' 

3  All  late  editions  print  the  shortened  form  taenis  for  taemis  in 
Aen.  V.  260  :     Puniceis  ibant  evincti  tempora  taeniis. 

See  foot-note  i. 

*For  the  quantity  of  the  last  syllable  {sanguis)  see  §11,  foot-note  6. 

5  To  this  list  should,  perhaps,  be  added  ocreds,  Aen.   VII.  634,  quoted   in  §  22,  where 

see  foot-note  2. 

1  No  account  is  taken  here  of  dein,  deinde,  and  proinde,  which  were  pronounced  in  prose, 
as  they  are  always  scanned  in  Vergil,  as  of  one,  two  and  three  syllables  respectively. 
2 Notice  that  dehinc  is  also  scanned  dehinc: 

Geo.    III.   167  :    Cennci  subnecte;  dehinc,  ubi  libera  colla 
Aen.    III.  464 :    Dona  dehinc  auro  gravid  sectoque  elephanto 


\ 


synize;sis. 


17 


. « 


deesse : 

Geo.      II.  2CXD 

233 
Aen.  VII.  262 

X.378 

reice : 


Non  liquidj^  gregibus  fontes,  non  gramina  derunt 
Si  derunt,  rarum  pecorique  et  vitibus  almis 
Divitis  uber  agri  Troiaeve  opulentia  derit  - 
Dest  iam  terra  fugae:  pelagus  Troiamne  petemus 


Ec.      III.    96 :  Tityre,  pascentes  a  flumine  reice  capellas 

sdo : 

Ec.  VIII.    43 :  Nunc  sa^,  quid  sit  Amor.  Duns  in  cotibus  ilium 
Aen.    III.  602 :   Hoc  sat  erit.     Scio  me  Danais  e  classibus  unum ' 

•  •  •  •  . 

So-called  Internal  Elision.* 

anteeo : 

Aen.  XII.    84 :   Qui  candore  nives  anteirent,  cursibus  auras 
•  •  ♦  •  , 

Aen.      V.  722  :    Visa  dehinc  caelo  fades  delapsa  parentis 
Aen.  VIII.  337:    Vix  ea  dicta:  dehinc  progressus  monstrat  et  aram. 
For  the  quantity  of  the  last  syllable  of  gravid  in  Aen.  III.  464,  see  §  15. 

« This  case  occurs  only  in  those  parts  of  the  compound  where  the  verb  begins  with  e, 
Ribbcck  spells  with  but  one  e. 

*The  final  0  of  scio  is  elided  in 

Aen.  X.  904 :    Corpus  humo  paiiare  tegi.     Scio  dcerba  meorum, 

•         •  •  •  • 

1  The  following  examples  are  found  in  almost  all  our  texts,  Ribbeck  included  (except 
where  noted),  but  it  is  more  than  doubtful  if  they  are  to  be  considered  here.  The  Roman 
can  scarcely  have  admitted  Synizesis  between  the  inseparable  compound  simi^  and  a  word 
beginning  with  a  vowel.  It  is  probable  that  we  should  write  and  pronounce  simammus 
{-mis),  simhomo  and  simustus.  In  the  same  way  we  should  write  antirent  for  anteirent 
(Aen.  XII.  84),  as  well  as  circueo  (Aen.  XI.  761  :  Circuit  et  quae  sit  fortuna  faciUima, 
temptat)  for  circumeo. 


§9 


i8 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


\ 


|! 


-,    I 


semianimis : 

Aen.    IV.  686 :   Semianimemque  sinu  germanam  amplexa  fovebat 

X.  396 :   Semianimesque  micant  digiti  femimque  retractant 
404:   Caedit  semianimis  Rutulorum  calcibus  arva 

XI.  635 :   Semianimes  volvontur  equi,  pugna  aspera  surgit 
XII.  356 :   Semianimi  elapsoque  supervenit  et  pede  coUo 

semihomo : 

Aen. VIII.  194 :   SemiTominis  Caci  fades  quam  dira  tenebat 

semiustus: 

Aen.   III.  578 :  Fama  est  Enceladi  semustum  fulmine  corpus 

V.  697 :  Implenturque  super  puppes,  semusta  madescunt 

XI.  200:   Ardentis  spectant  socios  semustaque  servant' 

«To  this  hst   is  sometimes    added   graveolens,   but  the  two  words   should   be   written 

separately: 

Geo.  IV.  270  :   Cecropiumque  thymum  et  grave  olentia  centaurea, 

Aen.  VI.   201  :    Inde  ubi  venere  ad  fauces  grave  olentis  Averni. 
Vergil  avoids  the  compound  circumago,  separating  the  parts  (Geo.  II.  392;  Aen.  I.  117) 
by  Tmesis,  see  §  28. 


/■ 


HI.    LENGTHENING  OF  SHORT  SYLLABLES  IN  THESIS.' 

Diastole:   A.  359/;    B.  367  2;    G.  721;    H.  608  V.     Gossrau,  p.  638; 
Wagner,  Vol.  IV.,  p.  528;  Miiller,  p.  117,  §47. 

I.   The  Enclitic  -que,^ 


§10 


Ec.      IV.    51 

Geo.       I.  153 

164 

352 

371 
HI.  385 
IV.  222 


Terrasque  tractusque  maris  caelnmque  profundum 
Lappaeque  tribolique,  interque  nitentia  culta 
Tribulaque  traheaeque  et  iniquo  pondere  rastri 
Aestusque  pluviasque  et  agentis  frigora  ventos 
Enrique  zephyrique  tonat  domus:  omnia  plenis 
Lappaeque  tribolique  absint;  fuge  pabula  laeta 
Terrasque  tractusque  maris  caelnmque  profundum* 


1  Authorities  are  not  agreed  upon  the  explanation  of  all  the  examples  of  Diastole 
exhibited  in  the  text  of  Vergil,  and  the  classification  given  here  is  to  be  regarded  as 
suggestive  only.  It  should  be  observed  that  there  is  a  close  connection  between  the 
conditions  under  which  Diastole  is  found  in  Vergil  and  his  use  of  Hiatus  :  of.  espe- 
cially cases  3,  4  and  6  below,   with   the   examples  quoted   in  foot-note   i  to  §  23. 

2  Vergil  uses  -que  as  a  long  syllable  only  {a)  when  a  correlative  -que  follows,  (b) 
in  the  second  thesis,  except  Aen.  IX.  767,  where  it  occurs  in  the  fifth,  {c)  before  a 
word  beginning  with  a  mute  and  a  liquid  (eleven  times),  or  a  double  consonant  (twice) 
or  a  liquid  (twice)  or  an  s  (twice),  and  {d)  when  preceded  by  a  dactylic  or  spondaic 
word  and  followed  by  the  metrical  group  -  -  vr  or  i>  0  -  v».  Some  authorities  think  that 
"^ue  was  long  in  early  Latin  and  would  include  these  examples  with  those  under  2, 
but  the  lengthening  is  beyond  doubt  an  imitation  of  Greek  usage. 

3  Repeated  from  Ec.  IV.  51,  just  quoted,  see  §  16,  foot-note  2. 


19 


20 

Geo.  IV.  336 

Aen.  III.  91 

IV.  146 

VII.  186 

VIII.  425 

IX.  767 

XII.  89 

181 

363 

443 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 

Drumoque  Xanthoque  Ligeaque  Phyllodoceque 
Liminaque  laurusque  dei,  totusque  moveri 
Cretesque  Dryopesque  fremunt  pictique  Agathyrsi 
Spiculaque  clipeique  ereptaque  rostra  carinis 
Brontesque  Steropesque  et  nudus  membra  Pyracmon 
Alcandrumque  Haliumque  Noemonaque  Prytanimque 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

Ensemque  clipeumque  et  rubrae  comua  cristae 
Fontisque  fluviosque  voco,  quaeque  aetheris  alti. 
Chloreaque  Sybarimque  Daretaque  Thersilochumque 
Antheusque  Mnestheusque  ruunt  omnisque  relictis 


§11         2.   Shortened  Syllables  restored  to  their  Original  Quantity/ 

Nouns  and  Adjectives: 

Ec.        X.    69:  Omnia  vincit  Amor^:  et  nos  cedamus  Amori       / 

Aen.    XI.  323 :  Considant,  si  tantus  amor,  et  moenia  condant 

XII.  668 :  Et  furiis  agitatus  amor  et  conscia  virtus 

XII.  422 :  Quippe  dolor,  omnis  stetit  imo  volnere  sanguis 

550:  Et  Messapus  equm  domitor  et  fortis  Asilas 

Geo.    III.  118:  Aequus  uterque  labor,  aeque  iuvenemque  magistri 

IV.    92 :  Nam  duo  sunt  genera :  hie  melior  insignis  et  ore 

Aen.    VI.  768:  Et  Capys  et  Numitor  et  qui  te  nomine  reddet 


^  Some  of  the  examples  under  this  head  might  be  put  under  6  below. 

2  Nouns  and  adjectives  in  -<7r,  gen.  -oris,  are  scanned  with  long  0  in  the  nominative  by 
Ennius  and  Plautus,  as  the  quantity  of  the  o  in  the  genitive  would  lead  us  to  expect. 
By  Vergil's  time  the  o  had  become  short  in  the  unaccented  final  syllable  of  the  nomina- 
tive, but  the  use  of  the  ancient  quantity  gives  to  the  verse  a  flavor  of  the  antique.  The 
lengthening  of  short  syllables  in  -r  occurs  in  Vergil  only  in  the  second,  third  and  fourth 
theses. 


LENGTHENING  OF  SHORT  SYLLABLES. 

len.      V.521:  Ostentans  artemque  pater'  arcumque  sonantem 
XI.  469 :   Concilium  ipse  pater  et  magna  incepta  Latinus 
XII.    13 :   Congredior.    Fer  sacra,  pater,  et  concipe  foedus 
II.  369 :   Luctus,  ubique  pavor  et  plurima  mortis  imago 
Aen.       I.  478 :   Per  terram,  et  versa  pulvis  *  inscribitur  hasta 

•  •  •  .  . 

X.  487 :   Una  eademque'  via  sanguis'  animusque  secuntur 


21 


Verbs: 

Ec.         I.    38 
Aen.      V.  853 

X.383 
Geo.      II.  211 

Aen.  VII.  174 

Aen.       I.  651 

XII.  772 

VIII.  363 


Tityrus  hinc  aberat.'    Ipsae  te,  Tityre,  pinus 
Nusquam  amittebat  oculosque  sub  astra  tenebat    / 
Per  medium  qua  spina  dabat,  hastamque  receptat.     >/ 
At  rudis  enituit'  impulse  vomere  campus  ^^^"^ 

Regibus  omen  erat,  hoc  illis  curia  templum  ^ 

Pergama  cum  peteret'  inconcessosque  Iiymenaeos    ^ 
Hie  hasta  Aeneae  stabat,  hue  impetus  illam 
Alcides  subiit,  haec  ilium  regia  cepit  y 


V 


u 


8  Vergil  retains  the  original  quantity  as  shown  in  the  Greek  iraTtjp. 

*  Ennius  had  used  puMs  in  hexameter  verse  (Ain.   286).    Vergil  lengthens  short  syl- 
lables in  -s  only  in  the  second,  third  and  fourth  theses. 
'^On  the  Synizesis  Tadem^  see  §7. 

« Sanguis  occurs  in  Vergil  sixteen  times.  In  twelve  places  the  quantity  of  the  vowel  / 
cannot  be  determined,  as  it  stands  either  at  the  end  of  the  verse  (Geo.  II.  484;  III.  221; 
Aen.  III.  30,  33,  259;  X.  452  ;  XII.  51,  422^  905)  or  before  a  word  beginning  with  a  con. 
sonant  (Aen.  V.  415  ;  VI.  835  ;  X.  819).  In  three  places  the  final  syllable  is  short  (Geo. 
III.  508;  Aen.  II.  636;  V.  397).  It  is  long  here  only,  but  it  was  long  originally  and  is 
always  so  scanned  by  Lucretius. 

^It  is  generally  agreed  that  the  termination  -a/  was  originally  long,  that  -it  was  found 
m  the  pres.  ind.  of  the  2d  conjugation  and  in  the  subjunctive  of  all,  and  -it  in  the 
present  ind.  of  the  4th  conj.  and  the  perfect  ind.  of  all.  Vergil  lengthens  these  syllables 
in  -/  only  in  the  second,  third  and  fourth  theses. 


§12 


u 


/ 


^  - 


22 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


Geo.     IV.  137:   lUe  comam  mollis  iam  tondebat*  hyacjntlii 

Aen.       I.  308:   Qui  teneant  (nam  inculta  videt),  hominesne  feraene*  \/ 


§13        3 

Ec. 

Geo. 

Aen. 


Before  a  Greek  Word.* 

VI.    53:  lUe  latus  niveum  moUi  fultus  hyacintho 

I.  138:  Pleiadas,  hyadas,  claramque  Lycaonis  arcton 

X.  720:  Grains  homo,  infectos  linquens  profngus'  hymenaeos 

VII.  398 :  Snstinet  ac  natae  Tnmiqne  canit  hymenaeos 

XI.    6q:  Sen  mollis  violae  sen  langnentis  hyacinthi 
^  •  ♦  •  •  •  • 

4.   Before  a  Molossns  ( )  at  End  of  Verse.' 


Geo. 


Geo.      II.      5 :   Mnneribns,  tibi  pampineo  gravidas  antnmno 
Aen.    IX.      9:   Sceptra  Palatini  sedemque  petit  Evandri 

8Cf.  also  heading  3  below. 

9  To  this  list  some  authorities,   believing  that  the  endings  -wr,  -us  and  -//  (in  the  i 
future)  were  anciently  long,  would  add  the  examples  given  below   in  §  14  from  Ec.  III. 
97  m/y  Geo.  III.  76  ingrediturj  Aen.  I.  668  iactetur;  II.  4"  ohruimur;  IV.  222  adloquitur; 
V.  284  datur;  and  IX.  610  fatigamus, 

1  Compare  the  Hiatus  before  the  same  words,  §  24,  foot-note  2. 

2  It  is  thought  by  some   scholars  that  the  lengthening  of  nominatives  in  -us  from  0  ^ 
stems  is  due  in  Vergil  to  imitation  of  the  similar  treatment  of   the  corresponding  nouns 
in  Greek  poetry. 

^Compare  the  cases  of  Hiatus  in  the  same  position:  Aen.  I.  617;  III.  74;  VII.  631; 
IX.  647;  XL  31.  In  Geo.  II.  5,  gravidus  may  be  explained  by  note  i  above,  but  no  other 
explanation  for  Aen.  IX.  9,  petit  seems  tenable. 

*This  explanation  (Mtiller's)  has  hardly  gained  general  acceptance.  Invalidus  may  be 
explained  as  in  note  2  above,  and  there  is  some  evidence  for  -bus  in  early  Latin.  To 
the  two  examples  here  given  might  be  added  Eurydlus  V.  337,  which  is  put  under  head 
6  below. 


LENGTHENING  OF  SHORT  SYLLABLES. 

5.  When  Three  Short  Syllables  close  a  Word.* 

[Geo.    III.  189 :   Invalidns  etiamque  tremens,  etiam  inscius  aevi 

rAen.    IV.    64 :   Pectoribus  inhians  spirantia  consulit  exta 

*  •  •  • 

6.  Before  the  Caesura. 


23 


Aen. 


Ec.      III.  97 

VII.  23 

IX.  66 
Geo.    III.  76 

332 

IV.  453 
1.668 

II.  411 

563 
III.  112 

504 

IV.  222 

V.  284 

337 
IX.  610 

X.  433 
XII.    68 

883 


Ipse,  ubi  tempus  ertt,'  omnis  in  fonte  lavabo 
Versibus  iUe  facit)  aut,  si  non  possumus  omnes 
Desine  plura,  puer,  et  quod  nunc  instat  agamus 
Altius  ingreditur,'  et  mollia  crura  reponit 
Sicubi  magna  lovis  antique  robore  quercus 
Non  te  nullius  exercent  numinis  irae 
Litora  iactetur'  odiis  lunonis  acerbae 
Nostrorum  obruimur,'  oriturque  miserrima  caedes 

•  »  , 

Et  direpta  domus  et  parvi  casus  luli 

•  •  .  . 

Idaeumque  nemus;  hinc  fida  silentia  sacris 

•  •  .  . 

Atque  idem  casus,  unam  faciemus  utramque 
Tum  sic  Mercurium  adloquitur'  ac  talia  mandat 

•  •  •  • 

OUi  serva  datur,  operum  haut  ignara  Minervae 

•  •  • 

Emicat  Euryalus,'  et  munere  victor  amici 
•         •  •  •  • 

Terga  fatigamus  hasta ;  nee  tarda  senectus 

Tela  manusque  sinit.     Hinc  Pallas  instat  et  urget 

Siquis  ebur,  aut  mixta  rubent  ubi  lilia  multa 
•  •  •  .  . 

Te  sine,  frater,  ertt'?    O  quae  satis  ima  dehiscat' 

•  •  •  •  • 

iSee  foot-note  9  to  §  12  for  another  explanation  of  this  case. 
^Euryalus  might  be  explained  under  head  5,  or  by  foot-note  2  to  §  13. 
•Most  cases  of  Hiatus  occur  before  the  principal  Caesura,  §  23,  foot-note  i. 


§14 


24 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


§15        7,  Miscellaneous  Examples. 

Ec.        V.    68:  Craterasque  duo'  statuam  tibi  pinguis  olivi 

•  •  • 

Aen.   III.  464:   Dona  dehinc'  auro  gravia"  sectoque  elephant© 
702:   Immanisque  Gela'  fluvii  cognomine  dicta 
V.  163:   Litus  ama  et  laeva'  stringat  sine  palmula  cautes 
VI.  254:   Pingue  super*  oleum  fundens  ardentibus  extis 
VIII.    98 :   Cum  muros  arcemque  procul '  ac  rara  domorum 
X.  394 :   Nam  tibi,  Thymbre,  caput '  Evandrius  abstulit  ensis 
XI.  hi:   Gratis '  ?  Equidem  et  vivis  concedere  vellem 

•  •  * 

1  So  Ribbeck,  but  many  good  editors  write  duos,  considering  this  an  error  of  Haplog- 
raphy.  See  Johnston's  Latki  Manuscripts,  p.  87,  §  134.  So,  also,  in  Aen.  V.  163,  quoted 
below,  iaeva  stringat  is  corrected  by  most  scholars  (not  Ribbeck)  to  /aam  stringat. 

2  For  deAtnc,  see  foot-note  2  to  §  8. 

8  No  adequate  explanation  is  as  yet  given  for  the  long  -a  in  an  adjective  of  the  third 
declension. 

*It  is  thought  that  Vergil  has  here  merely  transliterated  the  Greek  name  with  the 
Greek  quantity  of  the  last  syllable  retained. 

5  See  note  i  above. 

«So  the  MSS.  The  quantity  is  unexampled  and  editors  generally  emend  the  text.  Rib- 
beck writes  superque, 

7  No  adequate  explanation  has  been  suggested. 

8Miiller  ascribes  the  Diastole  to  the  full  stop  after  the  word.  Cf.  the  examples  of 
Hiatus,  Ec.  II.  53 ;   Aen.  I.  405»  quoted  in  §  23. 


Geo. 


Aen. 


IV.    SHORTENING  OF  LONG  SYLLABLES. 
Systole:  A.  351  N.;  B.  367  3,^;  G.  722;  H.  608  VL 


II.  129 
III.  283 

IL  774 

III.    48 


Miscueruntque '  herbas  et  non  innoxia  verba 
Same  verse." 

Opstipui,  steteruntque  comae  et  vox  faucibus  haesit 
Same  verse. 


§16 


1  The    ending  -erunt  was  probably  originally  short. 

^The  number  of  verses  repeated  either  in  whole  or  in  large  part  is  very  great.    The 
followmg  examples  will  be  helpful: 

.«.'it  \rT' "''  It, "-  ""■  '"■  ""■  "■'•  '"■  '^"-  '"■  •''■■ «.  «"■  'v. 

r;.";«:"„rr.""  '"■  "'■ "-  "■■  •'^■-  '»■  "■■  -^  -■  "■■■  - '-  - 
«.v,.t';:; ;:  '"■  °'-  ■■  *'  "*  ■"•  ''■■  -  "■■  -  -"■  -  - ". 

III.  471,  VIII.  80. 

ly.  r77.  X.  767;   .85.  .86.  VIII.  .0.  .;  418,  Geo.  I.  304;  445.  446.  Geo.  11.  39..  .,a; 

402,    VI.    797.  :'    »      y    » 

V.   143,  VIII.   690;  606,   IX.   2. 

fi^s/ceo' n   4?   '°''  """'  "'■  '"'  ''''  '"'   ''''  ""'■  ''''  ''''  '''•  """•  '""■  ''''  '"''-' 

VII.  641,  X.  163;   784,  IX.  29;   804,  XI.  433. 

VIII.  284,  XII.  215;   449,  4SO,  45,,  45,,  ^53,  Qeo.   IV.  ,7,,  ^^,,   ,73.   ,j^,  ,„. 

IX.  104,  105,  106,  X.  113,  114,  115. 

X.  745,  746,  XII.  309,  310. 

XI.  831,  XII.  952. 

XII.  105,  106,  Geo.  III.  233,  234. 


IS 


li 


\\ 


26  THE  METRICAL   LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 

Aen.    III.  681 :  Constiterunt,  silva   alta  lovis  lucusve  Dianae 

X.  334 :  Torserit  in  Rutulos,  steterunt  quae  in  corpore  Graium 


s  Most  examples  of  Diastole  and  Systole  are  due  to  the  difficulty  of  fitting  the  regular 
form  into  the  verse,  or  to  the  desire  to  give  to  the  epic  poem  a  flavor  of  antiquity  by  the 
introduction  of  archaic  forms.     For  the  same  purpose  Vergil  used  many  ancient  forms  of 
nouns  and  verbs,  of  which  the  following  are  examples:     Gen.  in  di  for  ae:  aulai  Aen.  III. 
354;   aurai  VI.    747;  aquai  VII.   464;  pidai  IX.    26;   Gen.  of   dUs :  dU    Geo.    I.   208,   dii 
Aen.  I.  636.    Gen.  in  -itm  for  -drum:   magnammum  Geo.  IV.  476,  Aen.  Ill    704,  "I-  S"?; 
supcrum  Aen.  I.  4;  divom  {0  for  u  after  t;)  Aen.  III.  5,  VI.  125,  IX.  6,  X.  2,  65;  codicolum 
Aen.    III.    21;    socium  Aen.   V.    174;    Macsylum   Aen.    VI.    60;    Teucrum    Aen.   VIII.    5'3; 
Dardanidum  Aen.  X.  4;    Graium  Aen.  X.  334;   deum  Aen.  XI.  4;  familum  Aen.  XI.  35;  Dat. 
in  -u  for  -ut:  victu  Geo.  IV.  158;  concubitu  Geo.  IV.  198;  metu  Aen.  I.  257;  curru  Aen.  III. 
541;  venatu  Aen.  IX.  605;  Abl.  in  -i  for  -, :  sorti  Geo.  IV.   165;   Aen.  IX.  271;  classi  Aen. 
VIII.  II ;  Pronouns:  olli  for  Hit  Aen.  I.  254;  IV.   105;  V.  10,  284;  VI.  321;  VII.  458,  SoS: 
VIII.  94;  ollis  for  Hits  VI.   730;  quis  for  guibus  Geo.  I.  161;  Aen.  I.  19S?;  X.  168,  366, 
43S;  Verbs:  -ibat  for  iebat:  lembant  Aen.  IV.  528;  Unibat  VI.  468;  nutribant  VII.  485;  -^"t 
XI.'s72;  insignibat  VII.  790;  vestibat  VIII.  160;  palibant  VIII.  436;  redimibat  X.  538;  Pass. 
Inf.  in-/<rr.-  inmiscerier  Geo.  I.  454;  accingier   Aen.  IV.  493;   dominarier  VII.  70;  defmdUr 

VIII.  493;  admitticr  IX.  231;  farier  XI.  242.  Third  conj.  for  second;  fervere  Geo.  I. 
456;  Aen.  IV.  409;  567;  VIII.  677;  IX.  693,  but  cf.  fervet  Aen.  IV.  407;  efferverc  Geo. 
IV.  556;  fulgere  Aen.  VI.  826;  effulgere  VIII.  677;  Peculiar  forms:  ausim  Geo.  II.  289; 
accestis  Aen.  I.  201;   extinxem  IV.  606;   extinxti  IV.  682;   traxe  V.  786;  dercxti  VI.  57; /«*" 

IX.  154;  vixet  XI.  118;   iusso  XI.  467. 


V.     VARYING    QUANTITY    BEFORE    MUTE    AND    LIQUID    IN 

THE    SAME   WORD. 

A.  347  d,  B.  5  3,  N.;   G.  704;   H.  578;  Gossrau,  p.  637.- 
Mute  followed  by  L. 

Cyclopes : 

T'   In   'J'''    /''"  ^°""'"  *"■''?'  "^^*?^^"^  ^^'  ^'^P-  C^clopas 
Aen.    VI.  630  :   Adceleremus'  ait:  'Cyclopum  educta  caminis 

duplex: 

Aen.       I.    93 :   i„gemit,  et  duplicis  tendens  ad  sidera  palmas 
Geojn.    87 :   At  duplex  agitnr  per  lumbos  spina,  cavatque 

J  The  pronunciation  of  syllables  containi'ng  a  short  vowel  followed   by  a  mute  with 
/  or  .  was   never   settled   by  the   Romans.     Two   pronunciations   were   current    deo  ndT 
upon    the    syllabification.     Some   persons   pronounced    the   mute   and    ,i  rt^^r  1' 

ZT  '"  "''  ^'^^'"''^  ''  ''"  ''^°"""'=^^''°"  ^'^  -  ~L  toof  o  1^ 

me  t  a„  ,  ,,_^„^^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^^^^  ^^^  o  mo. 

^ort  from  the  nature  of  the  vowel.     Others  pronounced  the  mute  and  liquid  seZ    .y 
takmg  each  with  the  nearest  vowel,  as  dup-ll-caf  in  the  ,i,th  .  ,        u  '^P"^'*''^' 

reouired  hv  n,;  example  ;  the  additional  time 

r^u,red  by  th.s  pronunc.at.on  lengthened  the  preceding  syllable.     The  poets  took  advan- 
age  Of  th.    var.at.on   to  adapt  such  words  more  readily  to  the  scheme  of  their  verses 
but  the  student  should  be  careful  to  o-iv^  ,„        u  •  ' 

by   the  given    ouantitv      Th  '"*""  '"'  pronunciation  represented 

Green     T     T  "  "   '"'""""^  ''^^"^^'''"   "^   ^^is  matter  by  Professor 

Greenough  ,n  the  Harvard  Studies,  Vol    V.  (1894).  p   j; 

mentlir:  Tor^V"'  !;''"''  '^^^^  '"  '''''-''  '-'-''  ^^'  -^'  •'-)•  -  '«  <^*«erent  ele- 
inenis  ot  a  compound  word  (^    <r    nh  ^fj^^^\   ♦u 

a. ways  made  position.   .  ^■'  '^'      ''  '^"^  ^'^^^  P-ounced  separately  and 


17 


a? 


28 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


H 


I       : 


I    ■  I 


i! 
>  1 

I     I 


duplico: 

Aen.VIII.  556 :   Vota  metu  duplicant  matres,  propiusque  perjclo* 

Ec.        II.    67:   Et  sol  crescentis  decedens  duplicat  umbras 

'       •  •  •  •  •  •       - 

recludo: 

Aen.  XII.  924 :   Exitium  dirum  hasta  ferens  orasque  recludit 
Geo.      II.  175 :   Ingredior  sanctos  ausus  recludere  fontis 

repleo: 

Geo.      II.  235  :   Ira  loca  et  scrobibus  superabit  terra  repletis 

Aen.    XI.  140 :   Evandrum  Evandrique  domos  et  moenia  replet 

•  •  •  • 

triplex: 

Aen.    VI.  549 :   Moenia  lata  videt,  triplici  circumdata  muro 
X.  202 :   Gens  illi  triplex,  populi  sub  gente  quatemi 

m  •  •  • 

18         Mute  followed  by  R. 

ager: 

Aen.    XI.  206 :   Finitimos  tollunt  in  agros  urbique  remittunt 

.  •  •  •  * 

209:   Certatim  crebris  conlucent  ignibus  agri 

agrestis: 

Aen.    IX.    11:   Lydorumque  manum  coUectos  armat  agrestis 

•  •  • 

XI.  682 :   Agrestisque  manus  armat  spams ;  ipse  catervis 

3  For  />erfcm.  Such  syncopated  forms  are  common  enough  in  prose  and  are  freely 
employed  by  Vergil  in  order  to  adapt  to  his  verse  forms  which  could  not  otherwise  be 
used.  Here  the  full  form  would  give  a  cretic  (-..-,  see  §  7,  foot-note  i),  and  the  synco- 
pation gets  rid  of  the  short  syllable.  So  peridum  Aen.  IX.  174  ;  gubernaclo  V.  176,  859; 
orculum  III.  143;  rcpostas  (-/..)  III.  364:  VI.  59,  655;  vinclo  (-./a)  IV.  16;  VII.  16;  and 
several  others. 


VARYING  QUANTITY  BEFORE  MUTES  AND  LIQUIDS. 

aper: 

Aen.    IV.  X59:   Optat  aprum  aut  fulvum  descendere  monte  leonem 
Ec.     VII.    29 :   Saetosi  caput  hoc  apri  tibi,  Delia,  parvos  ' 

Atridae: 

Aen.     IL  104: 

barathrum:* 

Aen.    III.  421  : 
VIII.  245 : 

cerebrum : 

Aen.     X.  416: 
XI.  698 : 

coluber: 

Aen.   VII  352 :   Aurum  ingens  coluber,  fit  Ipngae  taenia  vittae 
329:   Tarn  saevae  fades,  tot  pullulat  atra  colubris 

Etruscus: 

Aen.VIII.  480 :  Gens,  bellp  praeclara,  iugis  insedit  Etruscis        . 
503 :   Externos  optate  duces :  turn  Etrusca  resedit 

feretrum: 

Aen.    XL  149 :   Sed  venit  in  medios.     Fergtro  Pallanta  reposto ' 
^  222  •   Coniciunt.'     Pars  ingenti  subiere  feretro 

the  rr  ''"  '  '""^"  ''^  ""^  ^"'  "'"''  ''^^^  "°'  ^•'^"^^  "'^'^  '"«--  -pon 

«For  the  form,  see  §  17,  foot-note  3. 
^^For  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable,  see  §  ..  foot-note  6. 


29 


Hoc  Ithacus  velit  et  magno  mercentur  Atridae 
Et  gemini  Atridae  Dolopumque  exercitus  omnis 

Obsidet,  atque  imo  barathri  ter  gurgite  vastos 
Pallida,  dis  invisa,  superqu.e  immane  barathrum 

•  * 

Ossaque  dispersit  cerebro  permixta  cruento 
Congeminat:  volnus  calido  rigat  ora  cerebro 


It! 


f 

II 


u 


ll 


i! 


ii' 


!f 


30 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


flagrans: 

Aen.     II.  685 :   Nos  pavidi  trepidare  metu  crinemque  flagrantem 
VII.  397 :   Ipsa  inter  medias  flagrantem  fervida  pinum 

integer: 

Aen.     TI.  638 :   Exiliumque  pati.     Vos  O,  quibus  integer  aevi 
Geo.     IV.  302 :  Tunsa  per  integram  solvontur  viscera  pellem 

latebrae: 

Aen.      X.  663 :  Turn  levis  haut  ultra  latebras  iam  quaerit  imago 
II.    38:  Aut  terebrare  cavas  uteri  et  temptare  latebras 

niger: 

Geo.    IV.  126:   Qua  ntger  umectat  flaventia  culta  Galaesus 
291 :  Et  viridem  Aegyptum  nigra  fecundat  harena 

§  19  nigrans: 

Aen.VIII.  353 :   Credunt  se  vidisse  lovem,  cum  saepe  nlgrantem 
IX.    87 :   Nigranti  picea  trabibusque  obscurus  acemis 

pater: 

Aen.     II.  663 :   Gnatum  ante  ora  patris,  patrem  qui  obtruncat  ad  aras 

t 

pharetra: 

Aen. VIII.  166:  lUe  mihi  insignem  pbaretram  Lyciasque  sagittas 

•  •  • 

VII.  8x6 :   Auro  intemectat,  Lyciam  ut  gerat  ipsa  pbaretram 

retro: 


•    •  • 


Aen.      X.      7:  Versa  retro  tantumque  animis  certatis  miquis 

IX.  539 :   Velle  fugam.     Dum  se  glomeraut  retroque  residunt 


VARYING  QUANTITY  BEFORE  MUTES  AND  LIQUIDS. 


sacer: 


Aen.      11.  167 :   Corripuere  sacram  effigiem  manibusque  cruentis 
230 :   Laocoonta  ferunt,  sacrum  qui  cuspide  robur 

sacro: 

Aen.      X.  419 :   Iniecere  manum  Parcae  telisque  sacrarunt 
VIII.  600 :   Silvano  fama  est  veteres  sacrasse  Peksgos 

scaber: 

Geo.      II.  214:   Et  tofus  scaber  et  nigris  exessa  chelydris 
I.  495 :   Exesa  inveniet  scabra  robigine  pila 

supra: 

Aen.  VII.    32: 
381: 


supremus: 

Aen.    XI.    25: 

61: 

tenebrae: 

Aen. VIII.  259 : 
IX.  425 : 

Trinaeria: 

Aen.    III.  440: 
554: 

utrumque: 

Aen.      II.    61: 
V.  469 : 


In  mare  prorumpit.     Variae  circumque  supraque 
Curvatis  fertur  spatiis ;  stupet  inscia  supra 

Hanc  patriam  peperere  suo,  decorate  supremis 
Mille  viros,  qui  supremum  comitentur  honorem 

*  •  •  • 

Hie  cacum  in  tenebris  incendia  vana  vomentem 
Conclamat  Nisus,  nee  se  celare  tenebris 

Trinaeria  finis  Italos'  mittere  relicta 

Tum  procul  e  fluctu  Trinaeria  cemitur  Aetna 

*  •  • 

Optulerat,  fidens  animi  atque  in  utrumque  paratus 
lactantemque  utroque  caput  crassumque  cruorem 


31 


»  For  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable,  see  §  20. 


<; 


32 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


volucer: 

Aen.      X.  440 :  Turnum,  qui  volucri  curru  medium  secat  agmen 
XII.  251 :   Arrexere  animos  Itali,  cunctaeque  volucres 


VL    VARYING  QUANTITIES  IN  PROPER  NOUNS.' 
Asia: 

Aen.    III.      i:   Postquam  res  Asiae  Priamique^  evertere  gentem 
VII.  701 :   Dant  per  colla  modos,  sonat  amnis'  et  Asia  longe 

Diana: 

Aen.    XL  582 ;  pptavere  nurum :  sola  contenta  Dtana 

1.499:   Exercet  Diana  chores,  quam  miUe' secutae 

Eous: 

Aen.      n.417:   Confligunt,ZephyrusqueNotusqueetlaetuseois 
I.  489 :   Eoasque  acies  et  nigri '  Memnonis  arma' 

*  •  •         . 

Italus: 

Aen.    III.  396 :   Has  autem  terras  Italique  hanc  litoris  oram 

VII.  643 :   Complerint  campos  acies,  quibus  Itala  iam  turn 

»The  quantity  of  certain  syllables  of  proper  nouns  (especially  Greek  nouns)  was  not 
fixed  by  general  usage,  and  where  two  or  more  forms  were  recognized  the  poet  felt  at 
nberty  to  use  the  one  best  fitted  to  his  verse  (cf.  §  .;,  foot-note  .)•  Some  other  nouns, 
whose  pronunc.at.on  was  established  by  general  usage,  could  not  be  brought  into  the  verse 
at  all.  or  only  in  certain  cases.  For  such  nouns  the  poets  often  used  descriptive  terms 
e.g.,Ala^s  (Aen.  V.  4x4  and  often)  or  Ttryntkius  (YU.  66.;  VIII.  ..8)  for  the  impossible 
IfercuUs,  or  even  boldly  altered  the  accepted  pronunciation.  Of  course  when  a  change  in 
quantuy  had  once  been  made  for  metrical  reasons,  the  arbitrary  form  might  afterwards  be 
used  where  no  such  excuse  for  it  existed. 

'  For  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable  (regular  here),  see  below. 
'  For  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable,  see  §  18. 


§20 


33 


I'  t 


w  ■ 

ii 


34 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


Lavinium: 

Aen.        I.  258:   Fata  tibi;  cernes  urbetn  et  promissa  Lavini 

2 :   Italiam  fato  profugus  Lavinaque  *  venit ' 

•  •  •  •  • 

Orion: 

Aen.       I.  535 :   Cum  subito  adsurgens  fluctu  nimbosus  Orion 
VII.  719:   Saevos  ubi  Orion'  hibernis  conditur  undis 


Priamus: 

Aen.      II.    56 
III.  346 


Troiaque  nunc  staret,  Priamique  arx  alta  maneres 
Priamides  multis  Helenus  comitantibus  adfert 


Sicanus: 

Aen.      V.    24:    Fida  reor  fratema  Erycis  portusque  Sfcanos 
I.  557 :   At  freta  Sicaniae  saltern  sedesque  paratas 


Siculus: 

Ec.       II. 
IV. 


21 :   Mille  meae  Sfculis  errant  in  montibus  agnae 

i:   Sicelides  Musae,  paulo  maiora  canamus 

.         •  •  * 


Sidonius:         ' 

Aen.       IV.  75 :   Sidoniasque  ostentat  opes  urbemque  paratam 
XI.  74 :   Ipsa  suis  quondam  manibus  Sidonia  Dido 

Sychaeus: 

Aen.      '  I.  348 :   Quos  inter  medius  venit  furor.     lUe  Sychaeum 
343:   Huic  coniunx  Sychaeus  erat,  ditissimus  auri 


« For  the  more  common  reading  Ldvinia,  see  §  3,  foot-note  5. 

»The  penult  of  Orion  is  always  long  in  Vergil,  though  common  in  Greek. 


Ec. 


Geo. 


VII.    SPONDAIC  VERSES. 
A.  362  a-  B.  368  2;  G.  784,  N.  11;  H.  6ro  3;  Muller,  p.  82.' 

IV.    49 :   Cara  deum  suboles,  magnum  lovis  incremeutum 
V.    38 :  Pro  moUi  viola,  pro  purpurea  narcisso 
VII.    53 :   Stant  et  iuniperi '  et  castaneae "  hirsutae 
I.  221:  Ante  tibi  Eoae'  Atlantides'  abscondantur 
II.      5 :   Muneribus,  tibi  pampineo  gravidus '  autumno 
III.  276:   Saxa  per  et  scopulos  et  depressas  convallis 
^.270:  Cecropiumque  thy  mum  et  grave' olentia'  centaurea' 


§21 


1  Spondaic    verses  are   comparatively  rare  in    Vergil,   thirty-two  examples  only  being 
generally  recognized  (but  see  §  ..,  foot-note  8,  below),  while  Catullus  has  a  larger  number 
-n  one  poem  about  half  as  long  as  one  book  of  the  Aeneid.    The  more  careful  poets  are 
sa.d  to  have  required  that  in  such  verses  the  fourth  foot  should  be  a  dactyl,  and  then 
the  last  two  feet  were   usually  a  single  word.    So  far  as  the  last  two  feet  are  concerned 
Verg,l  d,sregards  this  "rule"  twelve  times  (Ec.  V.  38;  VII.  53.    Geo.  II.  5.    Aen.  I.  6,7; 
II.  »;   VII.  63.;   VIII.  40.,  679;   IX.  9.  647;   XI.  3x;   XII.  863).  and  has  a  spondee  in 
he  fourth  place  three  times  (Geo.  III.  376.    Aen.  III.  74;  VII.  634).     The  "rule."  there- 
fore, amounts  to  little  in  his  case.     These  verses,  moreover,  show  many  irregularities  which 
are  indicated  in  the  foot-notes. 

2  Full  Hiatus,  see  §  23,  foot-note  6. 

» For  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable,  see  §  20.     For  the  Hiatus,  §  26. 

^For  the  short  -..,  see  A,  348  9;   B.  365;   G.  709  2  Exc.  4;   H.  581,  VI.  3. 

^  For  the  quantity  here  of  final  -us,  see  §  13. 

«  On  grav^  olentia  as  separate  words,  see  §  9,  foot-note  2. 

7  In  this  word  the  e  before  a  stands  for  a  Greek  diphthong. 


35 


.S     '.»i 


36 


THE  METRICAL  LICENSES  OF  VERGIL. 


!l. 


if 


Geo.     IV.  463:   Atque  Getae'  atcjue  Hebrus'  et  Acteas  Orithyia* 
Aen        I.  617:   Tune  ille  Aeneas'  quern  Dardanio"  Anchisae 

II.    68 :   Constitit  atque  oculis  Phrygia  agmina  qrcumspexit 
III.    12:   Cum  sociis  gnatoque  penatibus  et  magnis  dis" 
74  :  Nereidum  matri  "  et  Neptuno  Aegaeo  " 
517:   Armatumque  auro  circumspicit  Oriona" 
549 :   Cornua  velataram  obvertimus  antemnarum  " 
22  V.  320:   Proximus'huic,  longo  set  proximus  intervallo         . 

761 :   Ac  lucus  late  sacer  additur  Anchiseo 
VII.  631 :   Ardea  Crustumerique  et  turrigerae '  Antemnae 

634 :  Aut  levis  ocreas '  lento  ducunt  argento 
VIII.    54 :  Pailantis  proavi  de  nomine  Pallanteum 

167 :  Discedens  cblamydemque  auro  dedit  intertextam 

""Ti^first  syllable  of  m^rus  is  always  long  in  Vergil,  although  unmarked  in   Green- 
ough's  vocabulary  and  Lewis'  dictionary.  ^ 

»  For  this  word,  see  §  3.  foot-note  S-  - 

10  These  two  words  with  Hiatus  are  found  also  in  Aen.  IX.  647,  below. 

UThe  last  four  words,  repeated  in  Aen.  VIH.  679,  are  borrowed  from  Enn.us. 

12  Double  Hiatus  as  in  Ec.  VH.  S3  above,  see  §  23,  foot-note  6. 

13  The  penult  of  Orfon  is  always  long  in  Vergil,  although  common  in  Greek;  for  the 
first  syllable  (here  long)  see  §  20. 

UNO  other  verse  in  Vergil  contains  so  few  words.    Cf.  t>.  51?,  above. 

1  Hiatus,  see  §  26. 

.The  to.  sylUble  of  «.<«.  i=  short  according  to  Le.is  and  Gr.enough,  but  may  be 
^.ned  long  h.r.  in  the  Morct.m  ...  and  in  ,n..  ..  =s8.  if  we  ''^'  '^'  "=«  -  •^';^'- 
...ether  by  Synizesi.  (8  ,).  >t  Is,  perhaps,  better  to  t.lte  ..  »  long  here  (so  the  German 
Xl )  than  L  short  (Co.ington).  and  to  con.der  the  verse  as  consUti.g  o,  s„  spondees , 
the  only  one  of  the  sort  in  Vergil. 


Aen.  VIII.  341 

345 
402 

679 

IX.   9 

196 

241 

647 

XL  31 

659 
XII.  83 

863 


SPONDAIC  VERSES. 

Aeneadas  magnos  et  nomine  Pallanteum' 

*  '  •  •  •  . 

Nec  non  et  sacri  monstrat  nemus  Argeleti 
Quod  fieri  ferro  liquidove  potest  electro 
Cum  patribus  populoque  penatibus  et  magnis  dis 
Sceptra  Palatini  sedemque  petit*  Evandri 
Posse  viam  ad  muros  et  moenia  Pallantea 
Quaesitum  Aenean'  et  moenia  Pallantea 
Antiquom  in  Buten'  (hie  Dardanio'  Anchisae 

•  /  •  •  •  • 

Servabat  senior,  qui  Parrhasio®  Evandro 
*         •  •  •  •  • 

Quales  Thraeiciae  cum  flumina  Thermodontis 

Pilumno  quos  ipsa  decus  dedit  Orithyia' 

Quae  quondam  in  bustis  aut  culminibus  desertis' 

•  •  ... 


37 


3  The  last  words  are  repeated  from  v.  54,  above. 

*  For  the  quantity  of  the  last  syllable  of  pefif,  see  §  13.     •  .      • 

5  For  final  -an  (--en)  see  A.  37  ;  B.  22  ;  G.  65  ;   H.  50.     Notice  that  the  last  three  words 
are  repeated  from  v.  196,  above. 

« Hiatus,  see  §  25.    Compare  v.  647  with  Aen.  I.  617,  above. 

''  For  Orithyia  cf.  Geo.  IV.  463,  above,  and  see  §  3,  foot-note  5. 

« To  this  list  it  is  possible  to  add  the  nine  verses  marked  with  an  asterisk  in  §  6,'  foot- 
note 5,  but  such  a.  scanning  is  hardly  Vergilian. 


k 

h 
•ji 


iv 


\j 


§23 


VIII.    HIATUS  AND   SEMI-HIATUS. 

A.  359  ^;  B.  ;j66  7  ^;  G.  720,  R.  i ;  H.  608  11.  i,  2,  N.  3  ;  Miiller,  p. 
106,  107  ;  Gossrau,  p.  634.' 

After  a  short  vowel:'* 

Ec.         II.    53:   Addam  cerea  prunaf   (honos   erit  huic  quoque  porno 
Aen.        I.  405 :   Et  vera  incessu  patuit  dea.f     Ille  ubi  matrem 

After  a  long  vowel: 

Ec.       VI.    44:   Clamassent,  ut  litus  *Hylaf  Hyla'*  omne  sonaret* 

•  •  •  ••  • 

VIII.    44:   Aut  Tmaros  aut  Rhodopef  aut  extremi  Garamantes 

•  •  •  •  •  ^ 

Geo.     IV.  343:   Atque  Ephyref  atque  Opis  et  Asia*  Deiopea 

1  There  are  about  forty  cases  of  Hiatus  in  Vergil  and  ten  of  Semi-hiatus.  In  common 
with  most  Latin  poets  he  allows  Hiatus  after  the  principal  Caesura,  and  he  also  allows  it 
before  a  stop  {e.  g.^  Ec.  II.  53,  where  most  editors  put  a  semicolon  after  cerea:  Aen.  I. 
405  ;  IX.  291),  after  words  having  an  anapaestic  ending  {e.  g,^  Ec.  VII.  53 ;  VIII.  44  i 
Geo.  I.  4  ;  IV.  343)  and  before  Greek  words  (e.  g.,  Ec.  II.  24  ;  Geo.  III.  60  ;  Aen.  I.  617  ; 
IX.  647)  and  a  molossus  (see  §  13,  foot-note  3).  Vergil  does  not,  however,  have  Hiatus 
after  syllables  in  -m.  Hiatus  is  allowed  by  all  poets  after  the  interjections  O  and  A 
{e.  g.,  Geo.  II.  486  ;  Aen.  X.  18)  and  examples  are  not  quoted  below.  In  the  following 
list  Hiatus  is  marked  by  an  obelisk  (f)  and  Semi-hiatus  by  an  asterisk  (*),  and  the  examples 
are  arranged  in  order  of  the  vowels.     Notice  that  u  is  always  elided. 

2  This  Hiatus  is  found  in  these  two  verses  only. 

^  There  are  in  Vergil  two  other  examples  of  Hiatus  and  Semi-hiatus  in  the  same  verse : 
Geo.  I.  281,  437.     Each  case  is  given  twice  in  this  list. 

^For  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable  (here  long),  see  §  20. 

38 


HIATUS   AND  SEMI-HIATUS.  .g 

Quid  struit?  aut  qua  spe  ^  f  inimjca  in  gente  moratur 
Et  sucus  pecori,  f  et  lac  subducitur  agnis 
Munera  sunt,  lauri  f  et  suave  rubens*  hyacinthus 

'  Stant  et  iuniperi  f  et  castaneae  +  hirsutae 

*  •  .  , 

yt  vidi,  ut  peril :  f  ut  me  malus  abstulit  error 

Ilium  etiam  lauri,  f  etiam  flevere  myricae 

Sit  pecori,  f  apibus  quanta  experientia  parcis 

Ter  sunt  conati  f  imponere  Pelio  *  Ossam  |  £4 

Tum  pingues  agni  f  et  turn  mollissima  vina 

Orchades  et  radii  f  et  amara  pausia  baca  ^ 

Aetas  Lucinam  iustosque  patP  f  hymenaeos 

Arcebis  gravido  pecori,  f  armentaque  pasces. 

Nereidum  matri^  f  et  Neptuno  f  Aegaeo 

Hanc  sine  me  spem  ferre  tui-:  f  audentior  ibo 

Extemo  commissa  duel,  f    Aeneia  puppis 

Causa  mail  tanti,  +  oculos  deiecta  decoros 

Ampbion  Dircaeus  in  Actaeo  +  Aracintho 

Glauco  t  et  Panopeae  *  et  Inoo  Melicertae 

« Hiatus  is  not  elsewhere  found  after  a  monosyllable  ending  in  a  long  vowel,  except/ 
the  regular  Hiatus  after  O  and  A  mentioned  in  foot-note  i,  above.  ' 

•There  is  but  one  other  verse  in  Vergil,  Aen.  III.  74.  showing  double  Hiatus  (cf.  foot- 
note 3,  above).     For  the  spondee  in  the  fifth  foot,  see  §  21. 

» For  the  full  and  Semi-hiatus,  see  foot-note  3  on  §  23. 

*  With  this  Hiatus  before  Greek  words  may  be  compared  the  Diastole  before  like 
words,  §  13.  Other  examples  are  given  below,  Ec.  H.  24;  VI.  44;  Aen.  I.  617  ;  III.  74; 
IX.  647  ;  X.  156,  etc.  '     - 

'  See  foot-note  6  on  §  23, 

*  The  only  hexameter  verse  known  with  Hiatus  after  a  spondaic  word.     For  the  accom- 

panying  Semi-hiatus,  see  foot-note  3,  §  2^, 


Aen. 

IV.  235 

Ec. 

III.   6 

63 

VII.  53 

VIII.  41 

X.  13 

Geo. 

I.   4 

281 

341 

11.  86 

III.  60 

155: 

Aen. 

III.  74 

IX.  291 ; 

X.  156: 

XI.  480 : 

Ec. 

II.  24 : 

Geo. 

I-  437 : 

v/ 


s^l 


3  " 


i^r, 


THE   METRICAL   LICENSES   OF  VERGIL. 

Posthabita  coluisse  Samo ;  f  hie  illius  arma 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

Tune  ille  Aeneas,  quern  Dardanio  f  Anchisae 
Nereidum  matri  +  et  Neptuno  f  Aegaeo 
w/  606:    Si  pereo,®  f  hominum  manibus  periisse  iuvabit 

25  IV.  667 :    Lamentis  gemituque  et  femineo  *  f  ululatu 

Concilia  Elysiumque  colo.  f  Hue  casta  Sibylla 
Antiqua  e  caedro,  f  Italusque '  paterque  Sabinus 
Summovet  oceanof  et  siquem  extenta  plagarum 
Evolat  infelix  et  femineo  *  f  ululatu 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

^  Antiquom  in  Buten  (hie  Dardanio  f  Anchisae 

•  •  •  •  •  • 

Inclusum  buxo  +  aut  Oricia  terebintho 

•  •  •      .        •        •  • 

,  Maeonia  generose  domo,  f  ubi  pinguia  culta 
Promissam  eripui  genero,  f  arma  impia  sumpsi 

Ille  ruenti  Hyllo  f  animisque  immane  frementi 

•  •  •  •  •  t  • 

26  After  the  diphthong  -ae: 

Ec.     VII.    53  :*  Stant  et  iuniperi  f  et  castaneae  f  hirsutae 

•  ••  •  •  • 

X.    12:   UUa  moram  fecere,  neque  Aoniae '^  f  Aganippe 
Geo.       I.  221 :   Ante  tibi  Eoae  +  Atlantides  abscondantur * 


40 

■ 

Aen. 

I. 

16 

• 

617 

/ 

III. 

74 
606 

IV. 

667 

V. 

735 

VII. 

178 
226 

IX. 

477 
647 

X. 

136 
141 

XII 

•  31 
535 

*For  the  spondee  and  Hiatus  in  the  fifth  foot,  of.  Ec.  VII.  53,  above. 

^  The  Hiatus  may  be  due  to  the  long  pause  after  the  thought  of  death,  or  to  the  ana- 
paestic word,  see  foot-note  i  to  §  23. 

1  Hiatus  after  an  inapaestic  ending. 

2  For  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable  of  Italus^  see  §  20. 
^See  foot-notes  5,  §  22,  2  and  5,  §  24. 
^  See  above,  in  §  23. 

2  Hiatus  before  a  Greek  word  or  after  anapaestic  ending. 
•See  the  notes  on  this  line  in  §21. 


HIATUS   AND   SEMI-HIATUS.  41 

Implevere;   tenent  oleaef  armentaque  laeta 
Atque  Getaef  atque  Hebrus  et  Actias  Orithyia* 
Ardea  Crustumerique  et  turrigerae*  •*•  antemnae 

SEMI-HIATUS. 

Clamassent,  ut  litus  'Hylaf  Hyla'*  omne  sonaret' 
Et  longum  'formonse,  vale  vale'*  inquit,   'lolla' 
Nomen  et  arma  locum  servant:    te,*  amice,  nequivi 
Credimus?  An   quf*  amant,  ipsi  sibi  somnia  fingunt 
Ter  sunt  conatif  imponere  Pelio*  Ossam' 
Te  Corydon,  O'*  Alexi:   trahit  sua  quemque  voluptas 
Victor  aput  rapidum  Simoenta  sub  Ilio*  alto 
Glauco't  et  Panopeae**  et  Inoo  Melicertae 
Implerunt  montis;    flerunt  Rhodopeiae*  arces 
Insulae*  lonio  in  magno,  quas  dira  Celaeno 

*See  the  foot-notes  on  this  line  in  §  21. 

5  See  foot-note  5,  §  24;  the  Hiatus  is  after  the  anapaestic  ending. 

^  See  foot-note  3,  §  23. 

2  Full  Hiatus  is  regular  after  O  and  A  ;  Semi-hiatus  is  found  here  only  after  these  inter- 
|jections.      For  the   short   final  -/  in   Alexi,   see  A.   348  6;   B.   365;   G.    707,  4  Ex.    2;   H. 
;8i,  I.  2.  - 

'  See  foot-note  4,  §  24. 

*As  -ae  is  the  only  diphthong  admitting  Hiatus,  so  it  only  admits  Semi-hiatus. 


l;Geo. 

II. 

144: 

1 

IV. 

463: 

11  Aen. 

VII. 

631: 

Ec. 

VI. 

44: 

III. 

79: 

Aen. 

VI. 

507: 

Ec.  ■ 

VIII. 

108: 

Geo. 

I. 

281: 

Ec. 

II. 

65: 

Aen. 

V. 

261: 

Geo. 

I. 

437: 

i 

IV. 

461 : 

,A.n. 

III. 

211 : 

i 


§27 


i 


IX.    TMESIS. 

A.  385;  B.  367  7;  G.  726;  H.  636  V.  3. 
28  Circum: 

Geo.      II.  392 :   Et  quocumque  deus  circum  caput  egit  honestum 

Aen.        I.  117:   Torquet  agens  circum,  et  rapidus  vorat  aequore  vortex 

4.12:   Et  multo  nebulae  circum  ^t2.  fudit  amictu 
•  •  •  ••  •  • 

cumque: 

Aen.       I.  610 :    Quae  me  cumque  vocant  terrae.     Sic  fatus  amicum 
XII.  203 :    Quo  res  cumque  cadent ;  nee  me  vis  ulla  volentem 

hactenus: 

Aen.      V.  60^ :   Hac  celebrata  tenus  sancto  certamina  patri 

*',  ••••  • 


in-: 

Aen. 


IX.  288:   /«que  salutatam  linquo:  nox  et  tua  testis 
X.  794:   lUe  pedem  referens  et  inutilis  /wque  ligcitus 


inter: 

Geo.      II.  349 :   Inter  enim  labentur  aquae,  tenuisque  subibit 
366:   Carpendae  manibus  frondes  inten^^  legendae. 

praeter: 

Aen.      X.  399 :   Tum  Pallas  biiugis  fugientem  Rhoetea  praeter ' 


iPor  the  quantity  of  the  first  syllable  of  kiugis,  see  A.  347  ^,  N    I.;  B.  362  4;  G.  703 
R.  2;  H.  576  II.  2.     For  Rhoetea^  see  §  6.  foot-note  5,  and  §  22,  foot-note  8, 


TMESIS. 

septentrio: 

Geo.     III.  381 :   Talis  hyperboreo  septem  subiecta  trioni 

*  •  •  •  . 

super: 

Aen.      II.  567 :'  lamque  adeo  super  unus  eram  cum  limina  Vestae 

•  •  •  •  • 

VII.  559-   Cede  locis:  ego,  siqua  super  fortuna  laborum  est. 

•  •  •  •  • 

usque: 

Aen.      V.  384:   Quae  finis  standi?     Quo  me  decet  usque  teneri      . 

2  This  verse  is  considered  doubtful  by  Ribbeck  and  editors  generally. 


43 


HYPERMETRICAL  VERSES. 


45 


X.    HYPERMETRICAL  VERSES. 
Synapheia:  A.  359  c  R.;  B.  367,  6;  G.  728;  H.  608  I.  N.  5. 

§  29         Syllable  in  -m:^     . 

Geo.        I.  295 :   Aut  dulcis  musti  Volcano  decoquit  umorem  I  Et 
Aen.  VII.  160:    lamque  iter  emensj  tnrris  ac  tecta  l^zXxaorum  I  Ardua 


Hypermetrical  -que: 


Geo. 


II.  344 

443 
III.  242 


Aen. 


/ 


iJ30 


y 


377 
I.  332 
'  448 
11^745 

IV.  558 

629 
V.  422 


Si  non  tanta  quies  iret  frigusque  caloremy«^  /  Inter 
Navigiis  pinus,  domibus  cedrumque  cupressos^w^  /    Hinc 
Omne  adeo  genus  in  terris  hominumque  ferammy^^^  /   Et 
Otia  agunt  terra  congestaque  robora  totas^w^  /   Advolvere 
lactemur,  doceas ;  ignari  hominumque  locorum^w^  /  Erramus 
Aerea  cui  gradibus  surgebant  limina  nexae^w^  /  Afere 

Quem  non  incusavi  amens  hominumque  deorumyw<?  /  Aut 
Omnia  Mercurio  similis,  vocemque  colorem^w^  /   Et 
Imprecor,  arma  armis :  pugnent  ipsique  nepotes^^/^  /  Haec 
Et  magnos  membrorum  artus,  magna  ossa  lacertos^w^  /  Exuit 


Un  the  examples  the  hypermetrical  syllable  is  italicized  and  followed  by  a  vertical 
line  and  the  first  word  of  the  next  verse. 

2  Vergil  is  fond  of  ending  verses  with  the  particle  -que.  He  joins  it  to  the  two  clos- 
ing words  fifty-four  times  {e.  g.y  .  .  .  franguntque  feruntque  Geo.  II.  441).  He  has  it  three 
times  in  one  verse  twenty-eight  times  (e.  g.,  Una  Eurusque  Notusque  ruunt  creberque  fro- 
cellts  Aen.  I.  85),  and  four  times  in  one  verse  five  times  {e,  g.,  Fataque  fortunasque  virum 
moresque  manusque  Aen.  VI.   683). 

44 


Aen.    V.  753 

•^    VI.  602 

VII.  470 

VIII.  228 

IX.  650 

/X.781 

895 
XI.  609 


Robora  navigiis,  aptant  remosque  rudentisyw^  /  Exigui 
Quo  super  atra  silex  iam  iam  lapsura  cadenti^«^  /    Imminet 
Se  satis  ambobus  Teucrisque  venire  Latinis^a^  /  Haec 
Ecce  furens  animis  aderat  Tirynthius  omnem^ra^  /  Accessum 
Omnia  longaevo  similis,  vocemque  colorem^«^^  /  Et 
Stemitur  infelix  alieno  volnere  csielnmque  /  Aspicit 
Clamore  incendunt  caelum  Troesque  Lsitmigue  /  Advolat 
Substiterat:  subito  erumpunt  clamore  furentis^«^/Exhortantur' 


iThe  last  words  are  repeated  from  Aen.  IV.  558,  quoted  above;  see  foot-note  2  to  §  16. 

2  Some  few  other  verses,  formerly  called  hypermetrical,  are  now  otherwise  explained  or 
emended;  for  Aen.  VII.  237  .  .  . precantia I  Et,  see  §  3.  In  Geo.  II.  69,  and  III.  449,  all 
modern  editors  alter  the  ancient  text. 


INDEX  I— VERSUUM. 


REFERENCES  ARE  TO  THE  SECTIONS  AND  NOTES. 

\ 

ECLOGAE. 

X.  12 

•  25 

366  . 

.  28 

297 

2 

I.  38 

.  12 

13 

•  23 

392  . 

.  28 

302 

.  18 

II.  21 

.  20 

69 

.  II 

441  . 

.  292 

336 

.  10 

24 

.  242 

Q 

443  . 

.  29 

342 

.    .  23I 

53 

.        15^   23 

GEORGICA.  , 

453  . 

.   72 

343 

•  2S 

65 

.     27 

I.   4 

.  23I 

484  . 

.  ii« 

453 

.  14 

67 

.     17 

.138 

•  13 

III.   60   .    27 

.^  24 

461 

.  27 

III.   I 

.     20 

153 

.  10 

76   .    12 

^I4 

463 

.35,  21,  26 

6 

•     23 

164 

.  10 

87   . 

.  17 

468 

.  23I 

46 

.   65 

221 

21,  26 

118   .  • 

.  II 

545 

•   5 

63 

•  23 

281 

24,  27 

155   . 

.  24 

553 

•   5 

79 

.  27 

295 

.  29 

167   . 

.   82 

96 

.   8 

341 

.  24 

189   . 

•  13 

• 

AENEIS. 

97  . 

.    I2»,  14 

352 

.  10 

221   . 

.  II« 

I.   2 

3»  20 

IV.  49  . 

.   21 

371 

.  10 

242   . 

'  29 

16 

.  24 

51 

.   10 

397 

.   4 

276   . 

.  21 

41 

.    .  5' 

57  . 

•  5 

437 

24,27 

283   . 

16 

81   . 

.   65 

V.  38  . 

.  2I1 

482 

2 

332   . 

14 

93 

.  n 

,44  . 

23, 242, 27 

495 

.  19 

377  . 

29 

117  . 

.     92,  28 

68  , 

•  15 

n.    5 

•   13^21 

381  . 

28 

120  . 

.    5 

VI.  30  , 

.   6 

.     69 

.  30^ 

385  . 

10 

131 

.   8 

35  • 

.   65 

86    . 

.  24 

449  • 

302 

256  . 

.   8 

42  . 

•   5 

121  , 

•   4 

508  . 

II« 

258  . 

.  20 

53  . 

• 

•  13 

129  , 

.  16 

IV.  34  . 

7' 

308  . 

.  12 

78  . 

.   5 

144  . 

.  26 

38  . 

4 

332  . 

.  29 

VII.  7  . 

.   8 

175  . 

•  17 

92  . 

II 

343  • 

.  20 

23  • 

.  14 

180  . 

•   4 

126  . 

18 

348  . 

.  20 

29  . 

.  18 

211  . 

.  12 

137  . 

12 

405  . 

15®,  23 

53  • 

21,  23,  25 

214  . 

.  19 

221  . 

3 

412  . 

.  28 

VIII.  41  . 

•  23 

233  . 

.   8 

222  . 

10 

428  , 

.  II 

43  • 

.   8 

235  • 

•  17 

243  • 

3 

448  . 

•  29 

44  . 

.  23 

344  . 

.  29 

270  .    92 

,  21 

489  . 

.  20 

IX.  66  . 

.  14 

349  . 

.  28 

291  . 

18 

499  • 

.  20 

49 


!  , 
'I 


50 


INDEX  I — VERSOUM. 


!■ 


II. 


510 

535 

557 
610 

611 

617 

648 

655 

668 

726 
16 

38 

56 

.   61 

'  68 

104 

167 

230 

369 

411 

415 
417 
425 
442 
492 

563 
567 
638 

639 
685 

745 

774 

III.   I 

12 

30 

33 

48 

74 

91 
112 

122 
136 


13^2 


I3^2 


65 
20 
20 

28 

65 

124 

7 
12 


12^14,24^ 

7 
I 

18 

20 

19 
21 

18 

19 

19 
II 

I2»,  14 

18 
20 

2 

I 

14 
28 

18 
6 


II 

18 

29 
16 

20 

21I 

II< 

II< 

16 


,24 
10 

14 
65 

^5 


REFERENCES 

143 
211 

259 
346 

364 
396 
421 

440 
464 

504 
517 

549 

554 

578 
602 

606 

647 

681 

702 

IV.   16 

64 

'  75 
146 

159 
222 

235 

288 

558 
629 
667 
686 
V.  24 
163 
176 
184 
261 
269 
284 
320 

337 
352 
397 


ARE  TO  THE 
r3 


82 


12 


17^ 

27 

II 

20 


6 


9 


17- 

20 

18 

19 

15 

14 
21 

21 

19 

9 
8 

24 

17 
16 

15 

17^ 

13 
20 

10 

18 

14 

23 
65 

29 

29 

25 

9 
20 

15^ 
If 

5* 
27 

7 

,14 
22 

14 

7 


3 


II 


6 


SECTIONS  AND  NOTES. 
414 

4t5 
422 

432 
469 

521 
589 

603 

663 
697 

722 

735 

753 
761 

853 

859 

VI.  33 

59 
•  122 

201 

222 

254 
280 

389 

393 
412 

507 

549 

535 
602 

653 

655 

678 

683 
768 

835 
VII.  16 

32 

33 
96 

160 
174 


INDEX  I — VERSUUM. 

REFERENCES  ARE  TO  THE  SECTIONS  AND  NOTES. 


51 


20* 

175  . 

I 

II« 

178  .    , 

•  25 

30 

186  . 

.  10 

4 

190  • 

•   7 

19 

226  • 

•  25 

II 

237  . 

•   3 

2 

249  • 

•  5 

28 

253  . 

.   3^ 

I 

262  . 

8 

9 

303  • 

.   7 

82 

329  • 

.  18 

25 

333  • 

.  3' 

30 

352  . 

,    18 

22 

381  .    . 

.  19 

12 

397  . 

.  18 

If 

398  . 

13 

3 

436  . 

.   7^ 

173 

470  . 

'  30 

65 

559  • 

.  28 

9' 

609  . 

7 

18 

631133,211,2 

52,26 

15 

634  .7^2I 

1,22 

7 

643  . 

.  20 

3^ 

701  . 

.  20 

65 

719  . 

.  20 

7 

769  . 

•   3 

27 

816  . 

.  19 

17 

VIII.  54  .' 

.  22 

65 

98  . 

.  15 

30 

166  . 

.  19 

7^ 

167  . 

.  22 

173 

194  . 

.   9 

8 

228  . 

.  30 

292 

245  • 

.  18 

II 

259  • 

.  19 

ii« 

292  • 

.   6 

17' 

337  • 

• 

.   82 

19 

341  . 

.  22 

7 

345  • 

.  22 

3^ 

353  • 

.  19 

29 

363  • 

.  12 

12 

383  . 

.  5 

402 

21*,  22 

774  . 

.   65 

819 

425 

.  10 

775  . 

.   65 

895 

480 

.  18 

794  . 

.  28 

XI.  25 

503 

.  18 

X.   7  . 

•  19 

31 

553 

.   7 

18  . 

.  231 

61 

556 

•  17 

129  . 

.   6 

69 

600 

.  19 

136  . 

•  25 

74 

679 

.  22 

141  • 

•  25 

III 

IX.  9 

.  13,211,22 

156  . 

•  24 

140 

II 

.  18 

202  . 

• 

.  17 

189 

32 

.   7 

317  . 

.   65 

200 

196 

.  22 

334  . 

.  16 

206 

241 

.  22 

378  . 

.   8 

20Q 

288   . 

.  28 

383  . 

.  12 

262 

291 

.  24 

394  . 

•  15 

265 

425   . 

.  19 

396  . 

•   9 

323 

477   . 

•  25 

399  .    65,28 

469 

480   . 

.   8 

404  . 

•   9 

480 

501   . 

•   5 

416  . 

18 

582 

539   . 

•  19 

419  '. 

19 

609 

572      . 

.   65 

433  . 

14 

635 

610 

I2»,  14 

440  . 

19 

659 

647, 1 3^ 

,2X1,22,25 

496  . 

7 

675 

650   . 

•   30 

663  . 

18 

677 

674   . 

I 

720  . 

13 

682 

765   . 

.   65 

764  . 

5 

698 

767   . 

.   10 

781  . 

30 

887 

768   . 

.   65 

# 

n^.^ 


.  II« 

890  . 

2 

.  30 

XII.  13  . 

.  II 

•  19 

31  . 

•  25 

ll,22 

68  . 

.  14 

•   19 

^z  .    3^22 

•   13 

«4  .    .9 

.   20 

«9  . 

.   ID 

'   15 

142  . 

.    2^ 

17 

181  . 

.   10 

18 

203  . 

.  28 

9 

251  . 

19 

18 

.  356  . 

9 

18 

363  .    65  10 

5 

401  . 

3 

5 

422  . 

,  II 

II 

443  . 

10 

II 

535  . 

25 

24 

541  . 

7 

20 

550  . 

II 

30 

561  .    . 

65 

9 

668  . 

II 

22 

706  . 

I 

65 

772  . 

12 

I 

847  . 

7 

18 

863  .   21 

1,  22 

18 

883  . 

14 

7^ 

924  . 

17 

hi 


M  ' 


i 


I 


W 


INDEX  II  — RERUM    ET  VERBORUM. 


REFERENCES  ARE  TO  THE  SECTIONS  AND  NOTES. 


A,  interjection,  not  elided 

-a  not  hypermetrical 

dh'es 

accestts    .  • 

adloquitur^  systole 

-ae^  in  hiatus  . 

in  semi-hiatus 
aerei^  synizesis 
-diy  genitive 
alvaria,  for  alvearia 
alveOy  synizesis 
alvo^  for  alveo 
amor,  diastole 

Archaic  forms 
dries,  i  consonant 
drietare,  i  consonant 
_^/  (^t,  -it),  diastole 
aured  (^-ds),  synizesis 
ausim 


balteiy  synizesis 
^-bUs,  diastole 

Caesura  and  diastole 

and  hiatus 
caput,  diastole 
casHs,  nom.  sing.,  diastole 
Changes  in  text 
circum,  tmesis 
circumago,  avoided  . 
contibium,  i  consonant 
Cretic  endings,  avoided 
"Cumque,  tmesis 


2y 

I,      l2 

1 63 

14 
26 

27, 27* 

•     7 
1 63 

7 

72 
II 

22^ 
1 62 


,   15 


12 

7 
1 63 


13* 

14 
23I 

14 

15^  30^ 
28 


7,  173,  20 
28 


Dative,  archaic  forms 

i63 

deerrare,  synizesis    .... 

8 

deesse  (desse),  synizesis 

83 

dehinc,  monosyllable         .         . 

8 

dissyllable    .         .         .         . 

82 

dein,  monosyllable  .          .          .          . 

82 

deinde,  dissyllable     .          .          .          . 

82 

derexti    ....•• 

1 63 

Diana     .          .          .                    •          • 

33, 20 

Diastole,  see  Lengthening 

10-15 

die  (dii),  for  did      .          .          .          . 

1 63 

dolor,  diastole           .         .          .          • 

II 

domitbr,  diastole       .          .          .          . 

II 

domUs,  nom.  sing.,  diastole 

14 

Double  hiatus          .     '              .         • 

236 

duo,  diastole    .         .         .         •         • 

i5»  15^ 

-e,  for  Greek  diphthong  . 

2l7 

-ed  {id,  -ea)  ace.  sing. 

6,65 

-eddem,  synizesis      .          .          .          . 

7 

0 

-ei  {-ei),  in  nouns  in  -eus 

5,5^ 

-in   -dn),  Greek  ending  . 

22^ 

-eb,  synizesis  .... 

.       5.6 

-ebdem,  synizesis 

7 

-ere  for  ire      . 

i63 

ertt,  diastole    .... 

.   14,14^ 

-erunt,  systole 

.   16,  16I 

-it  {-dt,  -It),  diastole 

12 

Euryalus,  diastole    . 

14 

-eus,  forms  of  Greek  nouns  in, 

.      5S6 

extinxem  {-xti) 

16^ 

facit,  diastole 

14 

fatigamus,  diastole  .         .         . 

14 

S3 


faxo 

ferret,  synizesis 
fluvius,  u  consonant 
fuliiis^  diastole 

Geldy  nom.  sing. 

Genitive,  archaic  forms 
genua,,  dissyllable     . 
genua,  trisyllable      . 
grave  olens,  two  words 
gravid,  diastole 
gravidas,  diastole     . 
Greek  names 

and  diastole 
and  hiatus     . 

hactenus,  tmesis 
Haplography 
Hardening,  see  Diastole, 
Harpyiae,  trisyllable 
Hebrus,  e  long  in  Vergil , 
Hiatus 

after  a  and  o 

allowable  in  Vergil 

double 

full  and  semi-hiatu 

semi-hiatus 
Hypermetrical  verses 

/  (»)  consonantal     . 
-t  in  Greek  words 
■4  for  -e  in  abl.  sing. 
iactetUr     .      . 
-ibat  for  -iibat 
-ier^  infinitive 
in-,  tmesis 
Infinitive  in  -ier 
ingreditur,  diastole 
inter-,  tmesis 
invalidUs,  diastole    . 
lovis,  diastole 
-it^^t,  -it),  diastole 


INDEX   II— RERUM   ET  VERBORUM. 

REFERENCES  ARE  TO  THE  SECTIONS  AND  NOTES. 


1 63 

7 
27 

13 

15,15^ 

i63 


15, 15^ 
13 

20,  20^ 

13 

23\  24I 

28 
15^ 


2I« 

23-27 
23I 

23I 
236 
233 

27 

29,30 

1-4 

272 

1 63 

14 

1 63 
1 63 

.28 

1 63 

14 

28 

3,  13^ 

14 
12 


-/Vin  erit,  diastole   . 

iusso 

•  •  •         .         i 

labor,  diastole 

laevd  (nom.  sing.),  diastole 

Lavinium,  i  consonant 

Lengthening  of  short  syllables 
before  a  Greek  word 
before  the  caesura 
before  a  molossus 
connection  with  hiatus  . 
original  quantity  . 

-^«^     .... 
unexplained  examples    . 

-m,  always  elided 
hypermetrical 
tniscuerunt,  systole 
Mute  and  liquid 

nemUs,  diastole 
nulliUs,  diastole 
Numitor,  diastole 

Oy  not  elided 

shortened  . 
obicere,  quantity  of  o 
obruimUr,  diastole    . 
dcreds  or  ocreas 
out,  for  Oilei 
omnia,  i  consonant 

trochee  not  spondee 

oratts,  d>ast;oJe>      .  .,  ,^ 

Orton,  penylt  fon^^  \  .'*:.:  •;. 
Orithyia,  yi  diphthong "  \  "  * 
Orphe}fsl^^\X^x\^ip^\ 


1  » < » « • 


•  •  •  •  • 

t   »       9  t     * 


»   • 
•  •     • 


•     ^>, 


•  «       • 
•     > 


••  • 

•  »   • 

•  1       » 

•  .     t     •   • 
»      »  * 


Paeonius,  i  consonant 
paries,  /Jconsioila/it;  V 
patir,  dik^toie    ' '    » /• 
pavor,  diastole 
pectoribUs,  diastole   . 
pettt,  diastole 


• » 


> » 

» 


•  »  »     *   ■ 


•  • 


•      » 
*  • » 

* 


12' 


53 


',14 

1 63 


II 

3* 
10-15 

13 
14 

13 

iqI 

II,  12 
•10 

23I 

29 

16 

17-19 

14 

14 
II 

23I 

272 

26 

14 

7^,  222 

5' 

3 

3» 

15 
21I3 

3* 
5^ 

3 

2 

II 
II 

3,13^ 


jfe; 


4 

i 

« 

i 

54 

li 


V 


'4 


lis 


I 


I  iH 

! 


INDEX  II  — RERUM  ET  VERBORUM. 


REFERENCES  ARE  TO  THE 

13 

28 


Fleiadds  diastole 
praeter,  tmesis 
precantia^  /consonant 
proculy  diastole 
profuguSy  diastole    . 
proinde,  synizesis     . 

Pronouns,  archaic  forms 

Proper  names,  quantities 

puer^  diastole 

pulvtSy  diastole 

Quantity,  see  Diastole,  Systole 

-an  {-^^) 

-eSf  plural     . 

-/in  Greek  words 

--dbicere 
-que^  hypermetrical 

repeated  in  same  verse 
-guif  diastole 
-quis  for  quibus 

riicere,  quantity 
Repeated  verses 

sanguis 

scWy  scio 

sent-  for  semi-  in  compounds 

semianimis       •         .         • 

Semi-hiatus     . 

and  full  hiatus 
semihomo  .         •  • 

semiustus 
semt,  diastole 

septentrtOj  tmes^is  ,«••.:*,';*,.! 
Short  syll^Tsl-ps  lepglfH«i€<},'  s^4 
Shortening  of  long  syllables,  see  Systole. 


3 

13 
81 

1 63 

20 

14 
II,  11^ 


22'> 
21^ 
272 

.26 

29*30 
292 

10,  lO^ 
1 63 

8 
1 62 

11,  II® 

8,8* 

9 

27 
233 

9 

9 

14 

28 


■    I 
DijistQle. 


Spondaic  w^rstes ,  ; , '.  • , ' 

gen^erai  principles '  * 
stelioy  i  conJionant 


» *   » 


*  < 


«  «•  ' 
« % « • 
I  •  » • 


»  « • 


« t 


St  «  » 
«  f  I  (  t 
t    t    t      » 


.  *  •• 


•• « 


^I,  22 

2X1 

3,3^ 


•    •  I « 


SECTIONS  AND  NOTES. 

steterunty  systole 

super^  tmesis   . 

super ^  diastole 

Synaeresis 

Synapheia,  see  Hypermetrical 

Synizesis 

second  vowel  long 
Greek  words  in  -eus 
Internal  elision 
Latin  cretics  (-  o  -) 
Miscellaneous  words 

Systole  .         .         .         • 

taenis^  for  taeniis 

tenuis^  u  consonant 

tinuisy  trisyllable 

-tiSy  diastole   . 

Tmesis  . 

traxe 

Tribrachs  scanned  anapaests 

U,  always  elided     .  • 

consonant 
-«,  for  -ui,  dative    . 
-um  for  -iunty  -orum^  -uum 
-ur  (us)y  diastole     . 
-usy  0  stems,  diastole 

verbs,  diastole 
-usquey  tmesis 

Verses,  hypermetrical 
repeated 
spondaic 
of  four  words 
of  six  spondees 

viout 

yi,  for  Greek  diphthong 


Verses 


16 
28 

15, 15* 


5» 

9 

65 

5i 

6 

9 

7 

8 

16 

7^ 

4 

4» 

15 

28 

1 63 

13, 

13* 

4 

23I 

1 63 

7^ 

1 63 

I2», 

14 

13^ 

I2» 

14 

28 

28 

» 29 

i62 

21,  22 


21 


14 


22,  2?^ 
1 63 


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